Occupations
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THE occupations of the population of Scotland ten years of age and upwards have been very fully tabulated.. This has been done in the first volume by sex and by age groups, for the populations of the counties, of the cities, and of all burghs in which the population exceeds 20,000. The present volume gives in addition a tabulation of the occupations of the entire population of Scotland, and also shows how the numbers returned under each occupation are distributed according to the county of enumeration. Tables showing the occupations of married and of widowed women in combination with their ages, and the distribution of the occupations of married women in counties, and in burghs having populations of more than 20,000, are also given in this volume. Occupations have been further tabulated in relation to the industries to which the workers are attached, and will again be referred to in Section E of this Report, which deals with the latter subject. Of the male population of Scotland aged ten years and upwards, 1,473,757, or 827 per cent., are returned as having some remunerative occupation, while of the female population of these ages 593,210, or 307 per cent., are so returned. In 1901, occupied males of these ages numbered 1,391,188 and constituted 84.0 per cent. of the male population over 10 years of age, while occupied females numbered 591,624, and constituted 33.0 per cent. of the female population of that age. A comparison between these figures shows that the occupied males of the country are now 82,569, or 5.9 per cent., more than in 1901, and the occupied females, 1,586, or 0.3 per cent., more than in that year, while, as has been shown, the percentage per population is less. Of the occupied males, 26,335, or 1.8 per cent., are more than 10 but less than 15 years of age—1,016, or 0.l per cent., being less than 14 years ; 213,575, or 14.5 per cent., are more than 15 but less than 20 years of age—38,395 of them being 15, 43,178 being 16, 43,867 being 17, and 88,135 being 18 or 19 years of age. Occupied males more than 20 but less than 25 years of age number 196,022, and constitute 13.3 per cent. of the total; more than 25 but less than 45, 633,628, and constitute 43.0 per cent. of the total; more than 45 but less than 65, 337,911, and constitute 22.9 per cent. of the total; more than 65 but less than 70, 37,114, and constitute 2.5 per cent. of the total; and more than 70, 29,117, and constitute 2.0 per cent. of the total. The ages of 55 of the occupied males were not stated in the householders' schedules. Compared with the corresponding figures of 1901, occupied males of less than 15 are 17,047, or 39.3 per cent., fewer, those of less than 14 being 9,961 fewer, and of 14 years of age, 7,086 fewer. Occupied males more than 15 but less than 20 are 2,589, or 1.2 per cent., fewer, and more than 20 but less than 25, 9,747, or 47 per cent., fewer; but those more than 25 but less than 45 are 57,983, or l0.l per cent., more; over 45 but under 65, 46,871, or 161 per cent., more; and over 65, 7,043, or 11.9 per cent., more. Thus the increase in the number of occupied males is found to be restricted to age groups of 25 and over, while in younger age groups decreases are found. Of the occupied females, 17,080, or 2.9 per cent., are under 15 years of age, 590 of them being under 14; 158,594, or 267 per cent., are over 15 but under 20, 27,356 being aged 15, 31,428 aged 16, 33,432 aged 17, and 66,378 aged 18 or 19. Those over 20 but under 25 number 133,913, and constitute 22.6 per cent. of the total occupied; over 25 but under 45, 192,848, and constitute 32.5 per cent. of the total occupied; over 45 but under 65, 73,293, and constitute 12.4 per cent. of the total occupied; over 65 but under 70, 9,203, and constitute 1.6 per cent. of the total occupied; and over 70, 8,256, and constitute 1.4 per cent. of the total occupied. A comparison with the corresponding figures of 1901 shows diminished numbers of occupied females in age groups of under 20, and of over 65, and increased numbers in age groups between 20 and 65. (Table
XXVI.) The occupations to which the largest numbers of males are returned, arranged in the order of magnitude of the numbers returned, include Miners, Agricultural Labourers, Farmers and Crofters, Carters, Commercial Clerks, General Labourers, Carpenters and Joiners, Iron Founders, Furnacemen, Grocers, Fishermen, Engineers, and Blacksmiths. (Tables
XXVI, XXVII, and
Dl,) Miners working below ground, hewers and others included, number 129,876, and constitute 8.8 per cent. of the total occupied males; they are 29,900, or 29.9 per cent., more than in 1901, and form by far the largest group in Scotland. But large as this number is, it does not include all those with mining occupations, for, in addition, there are 11,225 returned as working above ground, and 4,770 returned as having other mining occupations. Of' these 129,876 miners working below ground, the largest numbers were enumerated in Lanark, 54,390; Fife, 24,340; Ayr, 13,202; Stirling, 10,345; Edinburgh, 10,260; and Linlithgow, 9,768. Male agricultural labourers number 71,541, and constitute 4.9 per cent. of the total occupied males. They are 2,253, or 3.1 per cent., fewer than in 1901. Of these, 13,806 were returned as in charge of cattle, and 35,475 as in charge of horses, while the special duty of 22,260 was not specified. It is in the last of these three groups that the deficit is found, agricultural labourers in charge of cattle now numbering 2,189 more than in 1901, and those in charge of horses, 1,123 more. The counties in which the largest numbers of agricultural labourers were enumerated are Aberdeen, 10,458; Forfar, 4,987; Perth, 4,853; Fife, 3,869; Ayr, 3,629; Lanark, 3,509; and Dumfries, 3,061; and the counties in which the smallest numbers were enumerated are Shetland, 151; Clackmannan, 224; and Selkirk, 310. Farmers and crofters collectively number 43,966, of whom 29,939 were returned as farmers, and 14,027 as crofters. Together they constitute 3.0 per cent. of the total occupied males. In 1901, male farmers and crofters numbered 45,573, and, compared with this figure, the number at this census is 1,607, or 3.5 per cent., less. In 1901, crofters were classified separately from farmers only in the limited number of counties to which the Crofters Acts applied, and consequently the figures of the present census of these occupations taken separately are not comparable with those of the 1901 census. Further, the figure given above, viz., 43,966, does not include all the crofters enumerated at this census, 3,879 being returned as fishermen-crofters; and if these are included, the total of this class of occupation is brought up to 47,845, a number which is 650 more than the corresponding figure of 1901. This last comparison, being the most comprehensive, is almost certainly the fairest, and it seems to indicate that the number holding land for agricultural purposes in larger or smaller quantity is now no less than it was ten years ago. In the counties the number of farmers and crofters enumerated, including those described as graziers and as fishermen-crofters, varies from 7,094 in Aberdeen, 5,202 in Ross and Cromarty, 4,610 in Inverness, 2,527 in Orkney, 2,239 in Perth, 2,100 in Ayr, 2,090 in Shetland, and 1,979 in Lanark, to 86 in Clackmannan, 127 in Selkirk, 187 in Peebles, and 188 in Kinross. Crofters were returned in greatest numbers in Ross and Cromarty, 2,991; Inverness, 2,957; Aberdeen, 1,747; Shetland, 1,255; and Sutherland, 1,096. Fishermen-crofters were returned in greatest numbers in Ross and Cromarty, 1,489; Inverness, 857; Shetland, 720; Orkney, 252; Sutherland, 242; and Caithness, 189. The number of occupied males returned as carters, including those returned as vanmen, lorrymen, and carriers, but excluding those returned as carters on farms, was 40,391, and these constitute 2.7 per cent. of the total occupied. Compared with the corresponding figure of 1901, that of this census is 1,184, or 3.0 per cent., more. Of the 40,391 carters, 17,700, or 43.8 per cent., were enumerated within the four cities, 11,017 being in Glasgow, 3,033 in Edinburgh, 1,922 in Aberdeen, and 1,728 in Dundee. Less than 100 were enumerated in each of the following counties, namely, Kinross, Nairn, Orkney, and Shetland. Male commercial clerks number 40,337, constitute 2.7 per cent. of the total occupied males, and are 1,826, or 4.7 per cent., more than in 1901. That figure does not include all clerks enumerated, large numbers being tabulated as civil servants, law clerks, banking and insurance officials and clerks, and railway clerks; and if these are included, it is found that the aggregate number of male clerks in the country amounts to about 72,000, the precise figure not being determinable because officials, who may or may not be clerks, are included in the number returned under the respective headings. Of the 40,337 commercial clerks, 12,684 were enumerated in Glasgow, 3,839 in Edinburgh, 1,709 in Dundee, and 1,361 in Aberdeen. Very small numbers of commercial clerks were returned in the counties of Nairn, 11; Kinross, 14; Sutherland, 16; Berwick, 30; Orkney, 35; and Shetland, 45. The number of occupied males classed as general labourers is 34,213. These constitute 2.3 per cent. of the total occupied, and are 20,811, or 37.8 per cent., fewer than in 1901. This comparison, however, is not a fair one, for in this census, information regarding the "industry" to which persons were attached was asked for in the householders' schedules, and the information so obtained enabled large numbers described as "labourers" to be more accurately classified than was the case in 1901, when no question as to industry was included in the schedule. There can be no doubt that a large section of the apparent decrease in the number of general labourers is due to this cause, and consequently no reliance can be placed on the comparison as an' indication of. any real change in their number. If the number of labourers attached to the various occupations be collected from the figures given in Table XXVI., it is found that nearly 150,000, or fully 10 per cent., of the occupied males are labourers of one kind or another. As above noted, general labourers number 34,213, and agricultural labourers, 71,541; but in addition to these there are 13,147 dock labourers, 7,833 railway labourers, 7,131 road labourers, 5,328 masons' labourers, 3,104 coal, labourers, 2,348 navvies, 1,674 bricklayers' labourers, and others. Carpenters and joiners, including a small class, numbering 322, who described themselves as carpenters' or joiners' labourers, amount in all to 29,752, constitute 2.0 per cent. of the total occupied, and are 11,603, or 28.1 per cent., fewer than in 1901. The conditions referred to in the preceding paragraph, that made a comparison between the figures of this census and the last impracticable, are not present in this case, and the statistics under the present head give a clear indication of a great reduction in the number of the workmen here dealt with. The largest numbers of carpenters and joiners were enumerated in Lanark, 8,131; Edinburgh, 3,378; Renfrew, 1,931; Ayr, 1,876; Fife, 1,857; Aberdeen, 1,772; and Forfar, 1,548. Ironfounders number 29,188, constitute 2.0 per cent. of the total occupied, and are 5,126, or 21.3 per cent., more than in 1901. This comparison, however, is probably affected by the inclusion of more labourers in the tabulation of this census than in that of 1901. Of the 29,188 ironfounders, 12,578 were enumerated in the County of Lanark, 6,420 in Stirling, 2,935 in Renfrew, 1,506 in Forfar, 1,377 in Ayr, 1,319 in Dumbarton, and 1,035 in Edinburgh. Furnacemen, including those occupied at blast furnaces, puddling furnaces, rolling mills, in tube manufacture, and in the manufacture, smelting, and founding of steel, number 28,142, constitute 1.9 per cent. of the total occupied, and are 4,879, or 21.0 per cent., more than in 1901. This comparison, however, like that of ironfounders, is almost certainly affected by the alteration in the householder's schedule, with the consequent classification under their proper heading of large numbers formerly tabulated as labourers. The great majority of these furnacemen— 25,414 —were enumerated in the County of Lanark, Ayr being the only other county in which 1,000 or more were enumerated, and Stirling and Linlithgow the only other counties in which their number exceeded 200. Grocers, including provision dealers and cheesemongers, number 26,421, constitute 1.7 per cent. of the total occupied, and are 68 fewer than in 1901. Of these, 7,416 were enumerated in the County of Lanark, 3,195 in Edinburgh, 1,691 in Forfar, 1,501 in Aberdeen, 1,413 in Renfrew, 1,378 in Fife, and 1,287 in Ayr. Fishermen number 24,163, and constitute 1.6 per cent. of the total occupied. The corresponding figure for 1901 is not available, for the figure given in the report on that census includes a number of men returned as fishermen-crofters. There were 3,879 fishermen-crofters enumerated at this census, and if this number is added to the number returned as fishermen a total of 28,042 is obtained, which is 591, or 2.2 per cent., more than in 1901. Of the fishermen, 3,874 were enumerated in Banff, 3,557 in Aberdeen, 3,162 in Ross and Cromarty, 1,655 in Fife, 1,506 in Shetland, 1,342 in Argyll, 1,257 in Elgin, 1,195 in Inverness, and 1,159 in Kincardine. Of the fishermen-crofters, 1,489 were enumerated in Ross and Cromarty, 857 in Inverness, 720 in Shetland, 252 in Orkney, and 242 in Sutherland. Engineers returned as erectors, fitters, and turners, number 23,264, and constitute 1.6 per cent. of the total occupied. They are 3,303, or 12.4 per cent., fewer than in 1901. Of these, 11,633 were enumerated in Lanark, 3,6.82 in Renfrew, 1,661 in Forfar, 1,357 in Edinburgh, and 1,322 in Ayr. In addition to these 23,264 males returned as erectors, fitters, or turners, there were 26,223 returned as having ill-defined occupations in engine and machine making. Blacksmiths, including their strikers, number 22,388, constitute 1.5 per cent. of the total occupied, and are 2,533, or 10.2 per cent., fewer than in 1901. Of these, 7,972 were enumerated in Lanark, 1,874 in Renfrew, 1,753 in Edinburgh, 1,481 in Ayr, 1,351 in Aberdeen, 1,100 in Forfar, and 1,061 in Fife. Other occupations to which large numbers of occupied males were returned include commercial travellers, 11,710; dock labourers, 13,147; ship-platers and riveters, 16,977; masons, including architectural and monumental masons and carvers, 13,954 ; plumbers; 11,543; painters, including glaziers, 16,332; printers and lithographers, 12,904; workers in hemp, jute, and cocoa-fibre manufacture, 12,766; drapers, 11,566; tailors, 18,567; bootmakers, 13,356; butchers, 13,198; and bakers, 16,508. Compared with the corresponding figure of 1901, the number of commercial travellers is 2,284, or 24.2 per cent., more, and of dock labourers, 3,546, or 36.9 per cent., more, the latter apparent difference, however, being no doubt largely due to the change of method explained above in the paragraph referring to general labourers. The number of ship-platers and ship-riveters is 6,142, or 56.7 per cent., more, a difference also probably due more to change of enumeration methods than to any real increase; of masons, 10,432, or 42.8 per cent., fewer; of plumbers, 143, or 1.2 per cent., fewer; of painters, 490, or 3.1 per cent., more; of printers and lithographers, 1,075, or 10.7 per cent., more; of drapers, 429, or 3.6 per cent., fewer; of tailors, 2,097, or 10.1 per cent., fewer; of bootmakers, 2,848, or 17.6 per cent., fewer; of butchers, 1,631, or 14.1 per cent., more; of bakers, 902, or 5.2 per cent., fewer; and of workers in hemp, jute and cocoa-fibre manufacture, 2,173, or 20.5 per cent., more. One striking result found from a comparison between the figures of this census and those of the census of 1901 is the marked decrease in the number of males returned as having occupations connected with the building trades. In 1901, these numbered 123,941, and they now number 96,087, the decrease of 27,854, or 22.5 per cent. In the various parts of the first volume of this Report, which dealt with the census returns of the cities and of the counties separately, many comparisons similar to this were referred to, and in each instance a decrease was recorded. Ministers, clergymen, and priests number 5,105, and are 228 fewer than in 1901. Of these, 1,765 are returned as ministers of the Church of Scotland, 1,838 as ministers of the United Free Church, 321 as clergymen of the Episcopalian Church, 474 as priests of the Roman Catholic Church, and 707 as belonging to other denominations. Compared with the corresponding figures of 1901, ministers of the Church of Scotland are 63 fewer, of the United Free Church, 145 fewer, and clergymen of the Episcopalian Church are 59 fewer, but priests of the Roman Catholic Church are 18 more, and clergy of other denominations 21 more. Persons in the legal profession, advocates and solicitors, number 4,218, and their clerks, 5,423, the former being 248 more, and the latter 205 fewer, than in 1901. Medical practitioners, including those described as physicians and surgeons, number 3,094, and are 189 more than in 1901, Dentists and their assistants number 1,323, and are 497 more than in 1901. Veterinary surgeons number 279 and are 83 fewer than in that year. Males returned as teachers, including those described as schoolmasters, professors, and lecturers, or as having other occupations connected with education, number 9,077, and are 1,037 more than in 1901. Of the four professions just referred to, the church, law, medicine, and teaching, the medical and teaching professions show considerable increases, the legal profession a small increase, and the clerical profession a small decrease. Male indoor domestic servants, including those in hotels, lodging-houses, and eating-houses, number 3,721, and are 632 more than in 1901; while male outdoor domestic servants, including coachmen, motor car drivers, gardeners, gamekeepers, etc., number 23,973, and are 5,085 more than in 1901. Of the male domestic servants, 10,615 were returned as gardeners, 5,908 as gamekeepers, 4,886 as coachmen or grooms, 2,564 as motor car drivers or attendants, 2,527 as indoor servants not in hotels, etc., and 1,194 as indoor servants in hotels, lodging-houses, and eating-houses. Horsekeepers, stablemen, grooms, and coachmen, other than domestic, number 6,437, and are 2,920 fewer than in 1901; but a considerable portion of this decrease is compensated by the fact that there are now 1,283 motor car drivers or attendants (not domestic)—a class which hardly existed in 1901, In that year the total number returned as motor car drivers, domestic and other, was 80, and by this census the number of both is 3,847. Railway officials and servants number 49,456 and are 6,641, or 15.5 per cent., more than in 1901. These include 9,765 officials and clerks, 6,455 ticket collectors and porters, 9,290 engine drivers and stokers, 3,054 guards, 3,816 signalmen, 927 pointsmen, 8,316 platelayers, gangers, and packers, and 7,833 labourers. Each of these classes shows an increase, with the exception of guards and pointsmen, who are respectively 8 and 200 fewer than in 1901. Seamen in the merchant service, all grades, and including pilots, number 20,114, which is 1,025 more than in 1901. These include 8,712 in the navigating department, 7,813 in the engineering department, 3,096 cooks, stewards, and others in subsidiary services, and 493 pilots and boatmen. Males with occupations connected with stone and slate quarries number 10,220, and are 3,642, or 26.3 per cent., fewer than in 1901. They include 168 owners and managers, 6,451 miners and quarriers, and 3,601 cutters and dressers. Of these workers in quarries, 2,850 were enumerated in the County of Aberdeen, 1,164 in Lanark, 921 in Fife, 760 in Edinburgh, 658 in Argyll, 571 in Ayr, and 516 in Dumfries. Among males with occupations connected with the manufacture of vehicles, there are 2,809 railway coach and wagon makers, 947 cycle makers, 2,708 motor car makers, 2,783 coach and carriage makers, 185 wheelwrights, and 1,031 others. The total in this class shows an intercensal increase of 3,247, or 45.0 per cent., and, as might be expected, the largest part of the increase is in the number described as makers of cycles and motor cars; in 1901 these jointly numbered 1,114, and the intercensal increase amounts to 2,541, or 228.1 per cent. To the group of occupations connected with the manufacture of wooden furniture, fittings, and decorations, 13,925 males were returned, a number which is 1,131 less than the corresponding figure of 1901. These include 6,467 cabinet makers, 1,167 french polishers, 2,508 upholsterers, 1,062 wood-carvers and gilders, and others. The numbers of cabinet makers, upholsterers, and wood-carvers and gilders all show intercensal decreases, that of the first being the largest and amounting to 1,100, or 14.5 per cent. Upholsterers are 145, or 5.5 per cent., fewer than in 1901, and wood-carvers and gilders are 601, or 36.1 per cent., fewer than in that year. Males with occupations connected with the manufacture of cotton, wool, and worsted, and linen, hemp, and jute all show intercensal increases. Workers in occupations connected with cotton manufacture number 2,986, being 510 more than in 1901; in wool and worsted manufacture, 10,138, being 877 more than in 1901; and in linen, hemp, and jute manufacture, 21,347, being 2,770 more than in that year. Male workers with occupations connected with shipbuilding, exclusive of platers and riveters, number 33,879, and are 10,187, or 43.0 per cent., more than in 1901. Of these, 4,989 are described as workers in iron, 8,248 as shipwrights, 1,953 as other workers in wood, and 18,689 as painters, shipyard labourers, or as having other or ill-defined occupations in shipbuilding yards. Maltsters number 940, and are 385, or 29.1 per cent., fewer than in 1901; brewers number 2,252, and are 252 more than in 1901; and distillers number 1,952, and are 25 more than in that year! These three occupations combined show an aggregate decrease of 108. Inn and hotel keepers, publicans and beer sellers, and wine and spirit merchants and agents, jointly number 7,433, and are 365, or 5.2 per cent., more than in 1901. Table Dl is drawn up to show comparisons between the 1901 and 1911 numbers in the various occupations, and explanatory notes are inserted in the Table where the numbers are not strictly comparable. The occupations, or groups of occupations—for in many instances combination for purposes of comparison and description is found to be desirable—to which the largest numbers of occupied females are returned, include domestic indoor servants, dressmakers and tailors, commercial clerks, workers in hemp, jute, and cocoa-fibre manufacture, teachers, workers in linen manufacture, workers in wool and worsted manufacture, farm servants, laundry workers, workers in cotton manufacture, daughters and other relatives of farmers and crofters assisting on farms and crofts, sick nurses and midwives, charwomen, and drapers, these being the only occupations to which 10,000 or more are returned. (Tables
XXVI., XXVIII, and
D1.) Female domestic indoor servants, including those in hotels, lodging and eating-houses, number 135,052, constitute 22.8 per cent. of the total occupied women, and are 9,040, or 6.0 per cent., fewer than in 1901. Of these, 3,968 were returned as in hotel, lodging-house, and eating-house service, and 131,084 as in other domestic service. The largest numbers were enumerated in the following counties, namely, Lanark, 26,978; Edinburgh, 21,808; Aberdeen, 12,020; Ayr, 7,589; Renfrew, 6,485; Forfar, 6,265; and Fife, 5,781. In the City of Edinburgh, female domestic servants number 17,035; in the City of Glasgow, 16,219; in the City of Aberdeen, 4,272; and in the City of Dundee, 2,229. In Edinburgh, female domestic servants constitute 5.3 per cent. of the entire population; in Aberdeen, 2.6 per cent.; in Glasgow, 2.1 per cent.; and in Dundee, 1.4 per cent. Dressmakers and female tailors number 48,215, constitute 8.1 per cent. of the total occupied females, and are 7,466, or 13.4 per cent., fewer than in 1901. Of the total, 11,290 were enumerated in Glasgow, 5,337 in Edinburgh, 2,029 in Aberdeen, and 1,229 in Dundee. Female commercial clerks, including typists, number 29,067, constitute 4.9 per cent. of the total occupied females, and are 13,668, or 88.8 per cent., more than in 1901, when the corresponding figure was 15,399. Of these, the majority, 15,428, were enumerated in the four cities; and approximately three-fourths were enumerated in four counties, Lanark, Edinburgh, Renfrew, and Aberdeen. In Lanark, 11,820, or 407 per cent., were enumerated; in Edinburgh, 5,765, or 19.8 per cent.; in Renfrew, 2,170, or 7.5 per cent.; and in Aberdeen, 1,915, or 6.6 per cent. In the four cities the number enumerated ranged from 8,364 in Glasgow, to 984 in Dundee. In Edinburgh this number is 4,467, and in Aberdeen, 1,613. Workers in hemp, jute, and cocoa-fibre manufacture number 27,125, constitute 4.6 per cent. of the total occupied females, and are 1,537, or 5.4 per cent., fewer than in 1901. The great majority of these workers—25,310, or 93.3 per cent. —were enumerated in the County of Forfar, 23,369 being enumerated within the City of Dundee. Other counties in which considerable, though smaller, numbers were enumerated are Fife, 557; Perth, 482; and Aberdeen, 419. Female teachers, including those described as professors and lecturers, number 18,778, constitute 3.2 per cent. of the total occupied females, and are 1,544, or 9.0 per cent., more than in 1901. In addition, 466 women were returned as having other occupations connected with education. Female workers in flax and linen manufacture number 16,360, constitute 2.8 per cent. of the total occupied females, and are 1,708, or 9.5 per cent., fewer than in 1901. Of these, 8,112, or 49.6 per cent., were enumerated in Fife, 4,643, or 28.4 per cent., in Forfar, and 1,237, or 7.6 per cent., in Aberdeen, 85.6 per cent. being enumerated in these three counties. Workers in wool and worsted manufacture number 15,148, constitute 2.6 per cent. of the total occupied females, and are 497, or 3.2 per cent., fewer than in 1901. Of these, 191 were described as sorters, 197 as carders or combers, 3,929 as spinners, and 7,531 as weavers, while 3,300 were described as attached to other or undefined processes. Workers in this manufacture are found to be more widely, distributed than those in the manufacture of linen or hemp and jute, for the largest number found in any one county—enumerated in Selkirk—amounts to only 2,574, or 17.0 per cent., of the total. In Clackmannan, 2,344 were enumerated; in Ayr, 1,499; in Inverness, 1,354; in Peebles, 1,223; and in Roxburgh, 1,155. In no other county do these workers exceed 1,000. Female farm servants number 14,997, constitute 2.5 per cent. of the total occupied women, and are 4,799, or 24.2 per cent., fewer than in 1901. Of the principal female occupations—those to which the largest numbers are returned—there is only one, laundry workers, in which a larger relative decrease is found, the decrease in that occupation amounting to 267 per cent. Of the female farm servants, 6,127 were described as in charge of cattle, 85 as in charge of horses, and 8,785 as agricultural labourers without being otherwise distinguished. Female laundry workers number 12,928, constitute 2.2 per cent. of the total occupied women, and are 4,702, or 26.7 per cent., fewer than in 1901. Of these, 1,707 were enumerated in the City of Edinburgh, 1,680 in the City of Glasgow, 490 in the City of Aberdeen, and 369 in the City of Dundee. Workers in cotton manufacture number 11,909, constitute 2.0 per cent. of the total occupied females, and are 453, or 3.7 per cent., fewer than in 1901. Of these, 177 were described as attached to card- and blowing-room processes; 2,372 to spinning processes; 1,661 to winding and warping processes; 6,269 to weaving processes; and 1,430 to other or undefined processes. The largest numbers were enumerated in Lanark, 7,960, or 66.8 per cent.; and in Renfrew, 1,948, or 16.4 per cent. In Perth 604 were enumerated; in Ayr, 577; in Dumbarton, 243; and 577 in the remaining 28 counties. Daughters and other female relatives of farmers and crofters assisting on farms and crofts number 10,674, constitute 1.8 per cent. of the total occupied women, and are 1,728, or 13.9 per cent., fewer than in 1901. Of these, 5,557 were described as farmers' relatives, and 5,117 as crofters' relatives. The largest numbers were enumerated in Shetland, 1,613; Ross and Cromarty, 1,211; Orkney, 1,041; Inverness, 946; and Aberdeen, 914. Sick nurses and midwives number 10,629, constitute 1.8 per cent. of the total occupied females, and are 2,432, or 29.7 per cent., more than in 1901. The number of females adopting nursing as an occupation has very greatly increased during recent years. In 1881, nurses and midwives jointly numbered 2,689; in 1891, 3,772; in 1901, 8,197; and now 10,629. They are now nearly four times as numerous as in 1881, and nearly three times as numerous as in 1891. Of these, 10,316 are returned as sick nurses, and 313 as midwives. It is in the number of the former that the great increase has occurred, for in 1881 sick nurses numbered 2,179 and midwives 510, and a comparison shows that while nurses are approximately five times as numerous now as then, midwives are little more than half as numerous now as then. This change in the relative numbers in the two occupations may, however, be partly accounted for by midwives describing themselves as nurses. Charwomen number 10,472, constitute 1.8 per cent. of the total occupied women, and are 2,437, or 30.3 per cent., more than in 1901. Charwomen enumerated in the City of Glasgow number 3,542; in the City of Edinburgh, 1,814; in the City of Aberdeen, 587; and in the City of Dundee, 381. In Edinburgh they are in the ratio of 57 to each thousand of the population; in Glasgow, 4.5; in Aberdeen, 3.6; and in Dundee, 2.3. Occupied females returned as drapers number 10,055, are 2,241, or 287 per cent., more than in 1901, and constitute 17 per cent. of the total occupied females. Other occupations to which large numbers of females are returned include workers in hosiery manufacture, workers in thread and smallware manufacture, seamstresses and shirtmakers, bakers and confectioners, farmers and crofters, milliners, grocers, general shopkeepers, fishcurers, and messengers. Workers in hosiery manufacture number 9,960, and are 966, or 8.8 per cent., fewer than in 1901. Workers in thread and smallware manufacture number 9,181, and are 100, or 1.1 per cent., more than in 1901. Seamstresses and shirtmakers number 8,806, and are 2,124, or 19.4 per cent., fewer than in 1901. Bakers and confectioners number 7,467, and are 485, or 6.9 per cent., more than in 1901. Female grocers and provision dealers number 7,141, and are 946, or 117 per cent., fewer than in 1901. Female farmers and crofters number 6,712, and are 1,110, or 14.2 per cent., fewer than in 1901; of this number. 2,666 were described as farmers or graziers, and 4,046 as crofters; 963 were enumerated in Inverness, 840 in Ross and Cromarty, 812 in Aberdeen, 501 in Shetland, and smaller numbers in other counties. Milliners number 6,680, and are 744, or 12.5 per cent., more than in 1901. Female general shopkeepers number 6,037, and are 194, or 3.3 per cent., more than in 1901. Fishcurers number 5,751, and are 2,409, or 72.1 per cent., more than in 1901; of these, 1,622 were enumerated in the County of Aberdeen, 1,850 in Ross and Cromarty, and 534 in Banff. Female messengers number 5,204, and are 459, or 97 per cent., more than in 1901; and the large majority of them, 4,943, are less than 18 years of age. Females with occupations in the Civil Service number 4,192—3,941 being in the service of the Post Office as clerks, telegraphists, messengers, etc., and 251 being in the service of other departments. Owing to differences of classification, comparison between these figures and those of 1901 cannot fairly be made. In 1901, Post Office telegraphists were not tabulated as in the Civil Service. Occupied females described as weavers and workers in sundry or undefined fabrics, or as factory hands, number 3,593, which is 6,151 fewer than in 1901; this difference, however, may be attributed to the fuller information obtained in the householder's schedule of this census, enabling the occupations to be more accurately classified, and cannot be taken as having much significance. The number of female lodging- and boarding-house keepers shows a marked diminution; in 1901 it was 4,806, and is now 2,458, the decrease amounting to 2,348, or 48.9 per cent. Women keeping, or working in, general or unclassified shops or stores number 6,037; in 1901 they numbered 5,843, and the increase in their number is small, amounting to only 194. Of the 593,210 women and girls with remunerative occupations, 31,465, or 5.3 per cent., are married, and 44,063, or 7.4 per cent., widowed. Occupied married women constitute 4.12 per cent. of all married women, and occupied widows 24.28 per cent. of all widows, This is the first report on a Scottish census in which the numbers of married and widowed among the occupied women have been separately tabulated, and there are consequently no previous figures with which to compare these. Of the married occupied females, 2 are 15 years of age, 1 is 16, 15 are 17, 227 are 18 or 19, 2,530 are over 20 but under 25, 17,773 are over 25 but under 45, 9,979 are over 45 but under 65, 620 are over 65 but under 70, and 315 are over 70, while the ages of 3 were unstated. Of married women over 18 but less than 20 years of age, 7.48 per cent. are returned as having remunerative occupations; those over 20 but less than 25 amount to 5.38 per cent. of the total married women of these ages; those over 25 but under 45 to 4.06 per cent.; those over 45 but under 65 to 4.25 per cent. ; those over 65 but under 70 to 2.88 per cent.; and those over 70 to 171 per cent. (Table XXIX.) Of the occupied married women 7,047, or 22.40 per cent., were enumerated in the City of Glasgow; 6,444, or 20.48 per cent., in the City of Dundee; 2,623, or 8.34 per cent., in the City of Edinburgh; and 815, or 2.59 per cent., in the City of Aberdeen. In all, 53.8 per cent. were enumerated in these four cities. In the counties exclusive of these cities, considerable numbers were enumerated in Renfrew, 1,857, or 5.9 per cent.; in Lanark, 1,764, or 5.6 per cent.; in Fife, 1,218, or 3.9 per cent.; in Forfar, 1,070, or 3.4 per cent.; and in Ayr, 1,015, or 3.2 per cent. In the counties, the proportion of the total married women constituted by those occupied, varies from 16.18 per cent. in Forfar, 11.70 in Shetland, 7.33 in Inverness, 4.45 in Peebles, and 413 in Edinburgh, to 1.28 in Linlithgow, 1.55 in Banff, and 1.61 in Stirling. In the burghs of 20,000 population and over, this rate varies from 23.43 in Dundee, 9.02 in Arbroath, 5.50 in Glasgow, and 5.32 in Paisley, to 0.67 in Motherwell, 1.37 in Clydebank, 1.48 in Hamilton, 1.60 in Airdrie, and 1.65 in Wishaw. The occupations to which the largest numbers of married women are returned include workers in hemp and jute manufacture, 5,938; domestic indoor servants, 2,609; charwomen, 2,133; workers in wool and worsted manufacture, 1,233; laundry workers, 1,138; hawkers, 1,058; workers in flax and linen manufacture, 983; dressmakers, 980; and farm servants, 930. Hemp and jute workers constitute 18.9 per cent. of the total married women with remunerative occupation; domestic indoor servants, 7.7 per cent.; charwomen, 6.8 per cent.; workers in wool and worsted manufacture, 3.9 per cent.; laundry workers, 3.6 per cent.; hawkers, 3.4 per cent.; workers in flax and linen manufacture, 3.1 per cent.; dressmakers, 3.1 per cent.; and farm servants, 3.0 per cent. Of the 5,938 married women with occupations in the manufacture of hemp and jute, 5,532 were enumerated in Dundee, 224 elsewhere in the County of Forfar, and 182 elsewhere in Scotland. In Dundee, hemp and jute workers constitute 85.8 per cent. of the total occupied married women, and 20.1 per cent. of the total married women there enumerated. (Tables
XXX. and
XXXI.) Widows returned as having some remunerative occupation number 44,063, and constitute 24.3 per cent. of all widows. This proportion is found to be much higher in the younger age groups than in the older. In age group over 20 but under 25 it is 58.0 per cent.; over 25 but under 45, 50.7 per cent.; over 45 but under 65, 29.9 per cent.; over 65 but under 70, 18.9 per cent.; and over 70, 8.7 per cent. Of the occupied widows, 5,689, or 12.9 per cent., are charwomen; 5,416, or 12.3 per cent., indoor domestic servants; 2,391, or 5.4 per cent., crofters; 2,350, or 5.3 per cent., workers in hemp and jute manufacture; 1,807, or 4.1 per cent., laundry workers; 1,571, or 3.6 per cent., sick nurses or midwives; 1,166, or 2.6 per cent., grocers; and 1,097, or 2.5 per cent., lodging-house keepers. (Table
XXXII.) TABLE D1.—SCOTLAND.-INTERCENSAL CHANGE IN THE NUMBERS RETURNED UNDER THE VARIOUS OCCUPATIONS.
D. —OCCUPATIONS.
Occupations of Males.
Occupations of Females.
Occupations of Married Women and of Widows.