The Population of Scotland

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REPORT


on the

TWELFTH CENSUS OF SCOTLAND




A.—THE POPULATION OF SCOTLAND AND OF THE PRINCIPAL
DIVISIONS OF THE COUNTRY.


Preliminary Report superseded.— The population of Scotland is ascertained to be 4,760,904, males numbering 2,308,839, and females 2,452,065. In the Preliminary Report on the census, the provisional statement of the population, was 4,759,445, and this figure differs from the final, or revised, figure now announced by 1,459, the difference being a shortage. This difference is practically entirely accounted, for by shipping returns received after the draft of the Preliminary Report was in press, and is not due to any error of abstraction. These late returns dealt with a population of 1,473, composed of the crews of a large section of the Aberdeen fishing fleet and that of a ship of the Royal Navy which, on census day, was in the Firth of Forth. The difference between this figure and 1,459, the shortage of the provisional statement of population, is only 14, and is the net error of the provisional statement.

That the error should be so insignificant—14 in four and three-quarter millions, or rather less than 0.0003 per cent. —is good evidence of the general accuracy of both tabulations—the preliminary and the final. On the one hand it reflects great credit on the Registrars, whose duty it was to prepare the abstracts for the purpose of compiling the Preliminary Report; and on the other hand it furnishes proof of the reliability of the mechanical system of card tabulation which has been used in the Scottish Census Office for the first time.


Intercensal Increase.— When the present population of Scotland is compared with that of 1901, it is found that there has been an intercensal increase of 288,801—the increase of the male population being 135,084, and that of the female population 153,717. The intercensal rate of increase of the total population is 6.5 per cent. —of the male population 6.2 per cent., and of the female 6.8 per cent. (Tables I. and Al.)

In 1801, the year of the first census of Scotland, the population was ascertained to be 1,608,420, and all succeeding censuses have shown increases. The population exceeded two millions for the first time in 1821, three millions in 1861, and four millions in 1891. The amounts of the intercensal increases found by the censuses of 1811 onwards have varied between 446,456 in 1901 and 173,552 in 1861. The present intercensal increase is less than any of those found by the censuses of 1871 to 1901, but is more than any found by the earlier censuses, and is thus fifth in order of magnitude. (Tables II., III., Al, and A3.)

The intercensal increase of the male population is less than any found by the censuses of 1871 to 1901, and than that found by the census of 1821, but is greater than any found by the other censuses; in order of magnitude it is sixth. The increase of the female population is third in order of magnitude, larger increases having occurred in 1881 and 1901 only.

The rate of intercensal increase of the population is small when compared with all but one of the increases found by previous censuses. The highest rate of increase was found in 1821, when it amounted to 15.8 per cent., and the lowest in 1861, when it was 6.0 per cent. By the censuses of 1811 to 1851 intercensal increases of more than 10 per cent. were found; in 1861 the figure fell to 6.0 per cent.; in 1871 it rose to 9.7 per cent; and in 1881 to 11.2 per cent.; in 1891 it fell to 7.8 per cent., but rose again in 1901 to 11.1 per cent. Thus the rate of intercensal increase now found, 6.5 per cent., is less than any of those found by previous censuses with the single exception of 1861. (Tables IV., Al, and A4.)

The rate of intercensal increase of the male population from 1801 onwards has varied between 18.9 in 1821 and 5.4 in 1861. It has exceeded 10 per cent. at all censuses with the exception of those of 1861, 1891, and the present, the 1911 census. In the 1861 census only was the rate of intercensal increase of the male population found to be less than that now ascertained. (Tables IV. and Al.)

Variations of the rate of intercensal increase in the female population have been similar, for in 1861 only was the rate of increase less than that ascertained by the present census. This is the third census in which this increase has been less than 9 per cent., and the second in which it has been found to be less than 7 per cent.

Tables A3 and A4 have been constructed to show how the figures of all censuses since 1801 compare with each other, Table A3 giving the specific numbers, and Table A4 the percentage differences.

The present population is fully one million greater than the population of 1881, fully two millions more than that of 1841, nearly three millions more than that of 1811, and is 3,152,484 more than that of 1801. The population is now nearly three times as large as in 1801, and is fully twice as large as in 1831. The population more than doubled itself between the following censal dates: —1801 and 1871, 1811 and 1881, and 1831 and 1911. It increased by nearly 150 per cent. between 1801 and 1891, and between 1811 and 1901, and it increased by nearly 200 per cent., or nearly threefold, between 1801 and 1911.


Ratio of Females to Males,— The ratio of females to males in Scotland at the present census was 106.2 to 100. At last census this ratio was 105.7 to 100, the present ratio showing an increase of 0.5. The fact that the intercensal increase in the female part of the population exceeds the intercensal increase in the male portion, both, absolutely and relatively, has been referred to above, and this fact inevitably causes the ratio now under consideration to rise.

In 1801 the ratio of females to males in Scotland was 117.6 to 100, and in 1811 it was found to be somewhat higher—118.5 to 100; but since the latter year all censuses, with the exception of those of 1861 and the present, have shown it to be a falling quantity. It fell below 112 to 100 in 1841, below 110 to 100 in 1871, below 108 to 100 in 1881, and below 106 to 100 in 1901. This ratio in 1861 was 111.2 to 100, and was 1.2 above that of 1851. It is by the present census and by that of 1861 that the smallest rates of intercensal increase of the male population are found. (Table Al.)


Effect of Migration.— The natural increase of the population of Scotland, the excess of registered births over registered deaths, during the intercensal period from 1901 to 1911, amounts to 542,843, and the difference between this figure and the net increase in the population of 1911 over that of 1901 is a measure of the loss of population by migration. That difference amounts to 254,042. This is the largest decennial loss of population by migration from Scotland yet recorded. In 1871, the first census year in which ten complete years of registration figures were available, the loss by migration was found to be 117,002, in 1881 it was 93,328, in 1891 it was 217,418, and in 1901 it was 53,356. The loss ascertained by the present census amounts to 46.8 per cent. of the natural increase; in 1901 to 107 per cent; in 1891 to 42.8 per cent; in 1881 to 19.9 per cent.; and in 1871 to 28.3 per cent.

The natural increase, i.e., the excess of births over deaths, of the male population during the intercensal period, amounted to 285,299, and of the female population to 257, 544. The net intercensal increase of the male population is 135,084, and of the female 153,717, and consequently the loss of male population by migration during the period amounts to 150,215 or 527 per cent. of the natural increase, and of the female population to 103,827, or 40.3 per cent., of the natural increase. These losses by migration are both larger than that found by any previous census. In 1871 the decennial loss of males was 71,723, or 31.9 per cent., of the natural increase; in 1881 it was 54,859, or 21.8 per cent.; in 1891, 130,148, or 47.6 per cent.; and in 1901, 35,746, or 13.4 per cent. The corresponding losses by migration of females, and the ratio of these to the natural increase of females, are: 1871, 45,279, or 23.9 per cent.; 1881, 38,469, or 177 per cent.; 1891, 87,270, or 37.3 per cent.; and 1901, 17,610, or 7.6 per cent. (Table A2.)

County Populations.

The principal facts regarding the populations of the counties are given in Tables I. to IV. of this Volume, and in the text tables which will be found at the end of this section of the Report (page XXIL). They were also fully set forth in Parts 5 to 37 of Volume I., which dealt with the counties separately and in detail.


Distribution of County Populations.— There are 33 counties in Scotland, and these vary in amount of population from 1,447,034 in Lanark, 507,666 in Edinburgh, 314,552 in Renfrew, and 312,177 in Aberdeen, to 7,527 in Kinross, 9,319 in Nairn, 15,258 in Peebles, and 18,186 in Bute. The mean of the county populations is 144,270. One county, viz.: Lanark, has a population of over 1,000,000, and one, viz.: Edinburgh, a population of over 500,000; six have populations of more than 150,000, but less than 500,000; two of more than 100,000, but less than 150,000; six of more than 50,000, but less than 100,000; eleven of more than 25,000, but less than 50,000; and six of less than 25,000. (Tables I. and A5.)

Of the population of Scotland, 30.4 per cent. were enumerated in Lanark, 10.7 per cent. in Edinburgh, 6.6 per cent. in Renfrew, 6.6 per cent. in Aberdeen, 5.9 per cent. in Forfar, 5.6 per cent. in Ayr, and 5.6 per cent. in Fife, while less than 1 per cent. were enumerated in each of sixteen counties, namely Berwick, Bute, Caithness, Clackmannan, Elgin, Haddington, Kincardine, Kinross, Kirkcudbright, Nairn, Orkney, Peebles, Selkirk, Shetland, Sutherland, and Wigtown. The three adjoining counties of Lanark, Renfrew, and Dumbarton contain nearly 40 per cent of the entire population of Scotland. (Table A5.)

The figures given in the above paragraph are in great contrast to the corresponding figures of 1801, for at that date Lanark and Edinburgh contained only 9.2 and 7.6 per cent. respectively of the total population; while only six counties, Bute, Clackmannan, Kinross, Nairn, Peebles, and Selkirk contained less than 1 per cent. At that date the counties of Lanark, Renfrew, and Dumbarton jointly contained only 15.4 per cent. of the total population in place of 40 per cent. as at present. Figures comparing the distribution of the population of Scotland in the different counties in the years 1891, 1901, and 1,911 are given in Table A5. The comparison could not be carried back further than 1891, with any degree of accuracy, as the distribution was just prior to the census-taking of that year materially affected by boundary alterations.


Intercensal Change.— Of the thirty-three counties, eighteen have had increases of population during the intercensal period 1901-1911, and in fifteen there are decreases. The largest increases are found in Lanark, 107,707; in Fife, 48,899; in Renfrew, 45,572; in Dumbarton, 25,966; in Edinburgh 18,870; and in Stirling, 18,700; and the largest decreases are found in Inverness, 2,832; in Orkney, 2,802; Argyll, 2,740; Forfar, 2,665; and Caithness, 1,860. The County of Ross and Cromarty is included among the eighteen in which there is an intercensal increase of population, but the increase in it is entirely attributable to the presence of naval shipping, and were it not for this, the counties with intercensal increases would number seventeen, and those with intercensal decreases sixteen. (Tables I., A6, and A7.)

The distribution of the total intercensal increase in Scotland among the counties is shown in Table A7. This increase amounts to 288,801, and of it 107,707, or 37.3 per cent., is found to be in Lanark ; 48,899, or 16.9 per cent., in Fife; 45,572, or 15.8 per cent., in Renfrew; 25,966, or 9.0 per cent. in Dumbarton; 18,870, or 6.5 per cent. in Edinburgh; 18,700, or 6.5 per cent. in Stirling; and 5 per cent. or less in eleven counties. The total increases in county populations amount to 310,680, or to 107.5 per cent. of the increase in all Scotland, the difference, 21,879, or 7.5 per cent., being the amount of the decreases in the other county populations. The largest of these decreases are found in the counties of Inverness, 2,832, or TO per cent of 288,801— the amount of the net increase of the population of Scotland; Orkney, 2,802, or 1.0 per cent., of such increase; Argyll, 2,740, or 0.9 per cent.; and Forfar, 2,665, or 0.9 per cent

Since 1801 the population of Scotland has increased by 3,152,484, and it is not without interest to note the distribution of this increase among the different counties, even though the comparison may not be strictly accurate owing to the difficulties created by alterations which have taken place in county boundaries. The largest proportion of the increase, 1,299,342, or 41.2 per cent., is found in Lanark. Large parts of the increase are also found in Edinburgh, viz., 385,069, or 12.2 per cent.; in Renfrew, 236,051, or 7.5 per cent.; in Aberdeen, 191,112, or 6.1 per cent.; in Ayr, 184,130, or 5.8 per cent.; in Forfar, 182,364, or 5.8 per cent.; in Fife, 173,996, or 5.5 per cent.; in Dumbarton, 119,121, or 3.8 per cent.; and in Stirling, 110,166, or 3.5 per cent. Compared with the figures of 1801 the populations of four counties show decreases, viz., Argyll, 10,375; Sutherland, 2,938; Perth, 1,241; and Berwick, 563. (Tables II. and A8.)


Ratio of Females to Males.— The ratio of females to each 100 males in Scotland is 106.2 to 100, and is 0.5 more than in 1901. In the counties this ratio varies from 12.1 in Bute, 122.2 in Forfar, 121.7 in Shetland, 1187 in Roxburgh, and 117.1 in Selkirk to 87.6 in Linlithgow, 95.5 in Stirling, 99.6 in Ross and Cromarty, 100.l in Argyll, and 100.6 in Dumbarton and Lanark. In three out of the six counties in which this ratio is lowest, the male population of the county proper was augmented on census day by the presence of ships of the Royal Navy. This was the case in Argyll, Linlithgow, and Ross and Cromarty; and excluding the naval population from the calculation, the ratio in Argyll is 105.6; in Linlithgow, 90.8; and in Ross and Cromarty, 111.0. On the same assumption the male population exceeds the female in two counties only, namely, Linlithgow and Stirling. In 1901 males outnumbered females in three counties—Linlithgow, Stirling, and Lanark. The counties showing the most marked differences between the sex xs of this census and those of the census of 1901 include Orkney, Nairn, Peebles, and Linlithgow, where the ratios have increased by 6.8, 4.8, 4.6, and 4.3 respectively, and Fife, Shetland, and Haddington, where they have decreased by 5.6, 5.2, and 3.7 respectively. (Table A6.)


Effect of Migration.— Table A9 has been prepared to shew the effect of migration during the intercensal period on the county populations, and it may be there seen that in three counties only, Dumbarton, Fife, and Renfrew has the gain by migration into the county been greater than the loss by migration from, the county, these gains and losses being measured by the difference between the natural increase (the excess of births over deaths) and the observed increase or decrease. The gain by migration in Fife amounts to 16,596, in Renfrew to 11,624, and in Dumbarton to 7,572. The greatest losses due to migration are found in Lanark, 100,578; in Aberdeen, 31,251; in Edinburgh, 26,402; and in Forfar, 24,935. In eighteen counties there is found to be an intercensal increase of population, but in fifteen of them that increase is found to be smaller than the natural increase, and in them the effect of migration is a loss. In the County of Lanark the natural increase is found to be 208,285, the observed increase to be 107,707, and the loss by migration in this one county is, as above stated, found to amount to 100,578.

Populations of Civil Parishes.

The populations of the civil parishes of Scotland are tabulated both in Volume I. of the Report and in this volume. In the first volume, in addition to the population numbers of the entire parishes, there are also given those of the various portions of the parishes, where there are divisions of such into burghal and extraburghal portions, into mainland and insular portions, or into parish wards, and also where the parishes are partly in one parliamentary constituency and partly in another, or where they are partly in special water, drainage, scavenging, or lighting districts. These detailed particulars of parish populations, which are not repeated in this volume, will be found in Table II. of the various county parts of Volume I, Retrospective tables giving and comparing the parish populations at the dates of previous censuses will also be found in that volume.


Distribution of Parish Populations.— The civil parishes of Scotland number 874, and as the total population of Scotland is 4,760,904, the average parish population is 5,447. This figure, however, is of little significance because of the wide range of variation of the populations from it. The most populous of the parishes are Glasgow, 577,559; Govan, 363,571; Edinburgh, 320,318; Aberdeen, 163,891; Dundee, 162,669; Paisley, 109,781; Leith, 80,488; Greenock, 74,294; Bothwell, 54,891; and Old Monkland, 61,026. The least populous are Cranshaws, 125; Lyne, 125; Lethendy, 140; Moonzie, 146; Glendevon, 148; Drumelzier, 164; Kinnaird, 172; Hownam, 193; Polwarth, 197 ; Tweedsmuir, 198 ; and Morham, 199. (Table VI.)

Civil parishes with populations of less than 500 number 136; of more than 500, but less than 1,000, 212; of more than 1,000 but less than 2,000, 223; of more than 2,000, but less than 5,000, 163; of more than 5,000, but less than 10,000, 69; of more than 10,000, but less than 50,000, 61; and of more than 50,000, 10. (Table Al0).

The average county population is 144,270, and compared with this figure the population figures of five parishes are greater. The population of the least populous county, Kinross, is 7,527, and compared with this, 90 parishes have populations of greater amount.


Intercensal Change.— The populations of 338 parishes have increased during the intercensal period, and those of 533 have decreased, while the populations of 3 show no numerical change. The largest intercensal increases are found in Govan, 22,121; Cathcart, 18,330; Old Kilpatrick, 17,897; Bothwell, 8,986; Beath, 8,599; and Wemyss, 8,073. The largest decreases are found in Arbroath and St Vigeans, 1,947; Slamannan, 1,846; Montrose, 1,358; Inverness, 1,094; Stromness, 832; and Beith, 824, The highest intercensal rates of increase of parish populations are found in Cromarty, 205 per cent.; Ballingry, 1217 per cent.; Ecclesmachan, 112.8 per cent.; Auchterderran, 103.4 per cent.; Benfrew, 81.2 per cent.; and Beath, 54.0 per cent. The high rate of intercensal increase found in Cromarty is due, as already stated, to the enumeration of several ships of His Majesty's Navy which were in the Cromarty Firth on census day. The highest rates of intercensal decrease of parish populations are found in Tweedsmuir, 54.5 per cent.; Slamannan, 34.9 per cent.; Kilmodan, 31.8 per cent.; Stromness, 26.2 per cent.; Wandell and Lamington, 25.1 per cent.; and Lochcarron, 23.2 per cent. The high rate of decrease in Tweedsmuir Parish is due to the fact that a large number of navvies was enumerated there in 1901, but not at this census; and that in Stromness to a considerable shipping population having been enumerated there in 1901, but not at the present census. (Table VII.)

The populations of 329 parishes are unchanged, or have increased or decreased by less than 5 per cent. during the intercensal period; those of 79 parishes have increased by more than 5 but less than 10 per cent.; of 68 by more than 10 but less than 20 per cent.; of 23 by more than 20 but less than 30 per cent.; of 14 by more than 30 but less than 40 per cent.; of 5 by more than 40 but less than 50 per cent.; 7 by more than 50 but less than 75 per cent.; 2 by more than 75 but less than 100 per cent.; and 4 by more than 100 per cent.; while the populations of 192 have decreased by more than 5 but less than 10 per cent.; 109 by more than 10 but less than 15 per cent.; 27 by more than 15 but less than 20 per cent.; 12 by more than 20 but less than 30 per cent.; and 3 by more than 30 per cent (Table A11.)


Ratio of Females to Males.— The ratio of females to males in the parishes varies greatly. It is found to be highest in Fintry, 150 to 100; Logie, 150 to 100; Bressay, 148 to 100; Elie, 148 to 100; St Andrews and St Leonards, 147 to 100; Sandsting, 147 to 100; Kinnoull, 144 to 100; Monkton and Prestwick, 143 to 100; Tingwall, 143 to 100; Largs, 141 to 100; and Eothesay, 140 to 100. It is found to be lowest in Cromarty, 18 to 100; Ardersier, 48 to 100; Dalmeny, 55 to 100; Buchanan, 56 to 100; Kilfinan, 56 to 100; Inverkeithing, 71 to 100; Lintrathen, 73 to 100; Salton, 73 to 100; Lismore and Appin, 75 to 100; and Marytown, 75 to 100. It may be generally stated that high ratios of females to males are found in some parishes where fishing is the predominant industry, such as Bressay, Sandsting, and Tingwall; in parishes to which retired persons take up residence, such as St Andrews and St Leonards, Elie, Logie, and Fintry; and in parishes containing summer holiday resorts, such as Largs, Dunoon & Kilmun, Kothesay, and Monkton & Prestwick; and that low ratios of females to males are found where military and naval forces predominate, as in Cromarty, Ardersier, Dalmeny, and Kilfinan; and where gangs of navvies are at work, as in Inverkeithing, Buchanan, and Lintrathen. (Tables VII. and A12.)


Parishes in more than one County.— Of the 874 parishes, all except six are situated in one county, and these six are partly in one county and partly in another. Aberdeen parish, which is conterminous with the City of Aberdeen, is partly in the County of Aberdeen and partly in that of Kincardine; Kirkliston parish is partly in the County of Edinburgh and partly in that of Linlithgow; Croy and Dalcross parish is partly in the County of Inverness and partly in that of Nairn; the parishes of Cathcart and Eastwood are partly in the County of Lanark and partly in that of Renfrew; and the parish of Melrose is partly in the County of Roxburgh and partly in that of Selkirk. (Table VII.)

Burghal Populations.

There are 205 burghs in Scotland, containing 3,140,419, or 66 per cent., of the total population of the country, In 1901 the burghal population of Scotland numbered 2,920,585, and compared with this figure the present burghal population is found to be 219,834, or 7.5 per cent., more. In 1901 the extraburghal population numbered 1,551,518, the intercensal increase of which is 68,967, or 4.4 per cent. But these comparisons are complicated by transferences during the intercensal period of certain landward districts, involving the population living within them, from extraburghal to burghal areas—brought about by alterations of boundaries; and if the comparison be made between the present burghal population of Scotland and the 1901 population of the areas now included within the burghs, the net increase of the burghal population is found to amount to 188,999, or 6.4 per cent., and that of the extraburghal population to 99,802, or 6.6 per cent. (Tables IX. and A13.)


Distribution of Burghal Populations.— The burghal populations are largest in the following counties, viz.: —in Lanark, 1,144,419, or 36.4 per cent., of the total burghal population of Scotland; in Edinburgh, 433,817, or 13.8 per cent.; in Forfar, 239,203, or 7.6 per cent.; in Renfrew, 233,752, or 7.4 per cent.; and in Aberdeen, 192,968, or 6.1 per cent. In Sutherland the burghal population numbers 741, in Kinross 2,618, in Nairn 4,661, and in Shetland 4,664, The counties in which the largest proportion of the population is in burghal areas, and the smallest in extraburghal areas, are Edinburgh, Forfar, Selkirk, Lanark, and Renfrew; and those in which the burghal population constitutes the smallest proportion of the total are Sutherland, Ross and Cromarty, Shetland, Orkney, and Berwick. In Edinburgh the burghal population constitutes 85.5 per cent. of the total population of the county; in Forfar. 85.0 per cent.; in Selkirk, 83.0 per cent.; in Lanark, 79.1 percent.; and in Renfrew, 74.3 percent. This percentage in Sutherland is 3.7, in Ross and Cromarty 15.5, in Shetland 167, in Orkney 21.1, and in Berwick 22.1 (Table Al4.)

The average population of the 205 burghs of Scotland is 15,319, but this figure, like that of the average of the parish populations, is of little significance because of the wide dispersion of the individual burghal populations from this average. The most populous burghs are Glasgow, 784,496; Edinburgh, 320,318.; Dundee, 165,004; Aberdeen, 163,891; Govan, 89,605; Paisley, 84,455; Leith, 80,488; Greenock, 75,140; and Partick, 66,849; and the least populous are Earlsferry, 322; New Galloway, 352; Culross, 456; Inveraray, 533; Anstruther-Wester, 552; and Abernethy, 593. Burghs with populations of less than 1,000 number 18; with populations of more than 1,000, but less than 2,000, 43; of more than 2,000, but less than 4,000. 47; of more than 4,000, but less than 5,000, 22; of more than 5,000, but less than 7,000, 14; of more than 7,000, but less than 10,000, 14; of more than 10,000, but less than 20,000, 21; of more than 20,000, but less than 30,000, 8; of more than 30,000, but less than 50,000, 9; and of more than 50,000, 9. (Tables IX. and A15.)


Intercensal Change.— In 127 of the 205 burghs, the populations have increased during the intercensal period, and in 77 they have decreased, while the population of one remains unchanged. The largest increases of burghal populations are found in Clydebank, 16,650; Partick, 12,551; Aberdeen, 10,388; Motherwell, 9,236; Glasgow, 8,902; and Govan, 7,431; and the largest decreases in Arbroath, 1,751; Montrose, 1,453; Maybole, 1,003; Inverness, 859 ; and Stromness, 797.(Table X.)

In 79 of the 205 burghs the populations have not increased or decreased during the intercensal period by as much as 5 per cent.; in 25 they have increased by more than 5 but less than 10 per cent.; in 17 by more than 10 but less than 15 percent.; in 24 by more than 15 but less than 25 per cent.; in 11 by more than 25 but less than 50 per cent.; and in 9 by more than 50 per cent.; while in 28 they have decreased by more than 5 but. less than 10 per cent.; in 6 by more than 10 but less than 15 per cent.; in 4 by more than 15 but less than 25 per cent.; and in 2 by more than 25 per cent. The highest rates of intercensal increase are found in Queensferry, 897 per cent.; Clydebank, 79.7 per cent.; Buckhaven, Methil and Innerleven, 75.8 per cent.; Cowdenbeath, 68.4 per cent.; Inverkeithing, 67.5 per cent.; Lochgelly, 67.2 per cent. ; Tranent, 58.0 per cent.; and Cromarty, 55.2 per cent. The high rates of intercensal increase found in Queensferry and Cromarty are apparent rather than real, being due to the presence of naval shipping in their vicinities on census day.. The highest rates of intercensal decrease of burghal population are found in Stromness, 32.5 per cent.; Lochgilphead, 29.9 per Cent.; Inveraray, 21.4 per cent.; Maybole, 17.0 per cent.; Rothes, 16.7 per cent.; and Tobermory, 15.9 per cent. The apparent loss of population in Stromness is largely explained by the fact that a considerable shipping population was enumerated there in 19.01, but not at the present census. (Tables X. and Al6.)


Effect of Migration.— The complete information necessary for the calculation of the natural increase of population (the excess of births over deaths) in all burghs is not available—it is available in the cases of fifteen of the largest only; but for the purpose of estimating the effect of migration on the burgh populations, it may be assumed to be approximately 12 per cent. Taking this figure, and applying it with some latitude, it may be further assumed that an intercensal increase of 15 per cent. or more is indicative of migration into the burgh being greater in amount than migration out from that burgh, that an intercensal increase of from 10 to 15 per cent. is not indicative of migration having markedly affected the population, and that all intercensal decreases and increases of less than 10 per cent. are indicative of there having been a loss of population by migration, or, in other words, an excess of outward over inward migration. On this basis it is found that in 44 burghs the populations have been increased by the balance of inward over outward migration, and in 144 burghs the populations have been decreased by the balance of outward over inward migration, while in 17 burghs migration has had little influence on the amount of the populations, (Table A16.)

The effect of migration in the fifteen burghs, for which full information is available, was a gain of population in three only, while in twelve it was a loss. The gains, i.e., the instances in which the ascertained intercensal increases exceeded the natural increases, and the amount of the gains, are in Motherwell, 1,032; Partick, 960; and Kirkcaldy, 700; and the losses are in Glasgow, 82,638; Edinburgh, 18,756; Dundee, 12,108; Aberdeen, 9,906; Govan, 8,993; Leith, 8,147; Paisley, 4,124; Kilmarnock, 3,690; Greenock, 2,201; Hamilton, 1,955; Coatbridge, 1,115; and Perth, 131. The loss of population by migration from two of the Lanarkshire burghs, Glasgow and Govan, accounts for fully nine-tenths of the heavy loss by migration—100,578—which is found to have taken place from that county, and for nearly two-fifths of the loss by migration from Scotland during the iutercensal period. (Table A17.)


Burghal and Extraburghal Parishes.— There are 216 parishes in Scotland containing a burgh in whole or in part, and 658 parishes in which there is no burghal population. Of the 216 parishes referred to, all except six are partly burghal and partly extraburghal, the six exceptions, and they are the only entirely burghal parishes in Scotland, being Edinburgh, Aberdeen, Leith, Rothesay, Stranraer, and Anstruther-Easter. Of these six entirely burghal parishes, four only, Edinburgh, Aberdeen, Leith, and Rothesay, contain entire burghs, and they are the only instances in Scotland where burghs and parishes are conterminous. Of the 205 burghs in Scotland, 173 are situated in one parish, 27 in two parishes, 3, Dumbarton, Elgin, and Stranraer, in three parishes, 1, Perth, in four parishes, and 1, Glasgow, in six parishes. Glasgow, although situated in six parishes, does not contain a single entire parish within it, all six parishes extending beyond the city boundary. By the recent extension of Glasgow (vide Appendix to Part 24, Volume I.) portions of two more parishes have been brought inside the City; but even after the extension, and although there are now portions of eight parishes in the City, not one of them is wholly so. (Table A18.)


Ratio of Females to Males.— The ratio of females to 100 males in the burghs of Scotland varies from 169 in Bridge-of-Allan, 164 in Earlsferry, 161, in Newport, 157 in St Andrews, 155 in Elie, Liberty, and Williamsburgh, 152 in Abernethy, 150 in Culross, 149 in Cove and Kilcreggan, and 147 in Prestwick, to 39 in Queensferry, 45 in Cromarty, 83 in Buckhaven, Methil, and Innerleven, 84 in Coatbridge, 84 in Inverkeithing, 85 in Armadale, 86 in Lochgelly, 87 in Charlestown of Aberlour, and 87 in Motherwell. In 15 burghs this ratio is less than 90 to 100; in 18 it is between 90 and 100 to 100; in 29 between 100 and 110 to 100; in 53 between 110 and 120 to 100; in 50 between 120 and 130 to 100; in 23 between 130 and 140 to 100; in 10 between 140 and 150 to 100; and in 7 it is more than 150 to 100. (Tables X. and A19.)

The ratio of females to males in the total population of Scotland is 106.2. In the aggregate burghal population this ratio is higher, viz., 109.7 to 100; and in the extraburghal population it is correspondingly lower, being 99.5 to 100.


Burghs—Royal, Parliamentary, and Police.—The burghs of Scotland are of four classes, royal and parliamentary, royal but not parliamentary,, parliamentary but not royal, and police; but from this classification the Burgh of Coatbridge must be excluded, as in constitutional it differs from all others.

The royal burghs were originally erected by grant from the Crown, and hold, their lanxls directly under it. There are 70 of them—all of ancient creation—the most recent being Kilrenny, whose creation dates from 1707 in the reign of Queen Anne. These burghs all had the right of sending representatives to Parliament, and all except four—Auchtermuchty, Earlsferry, Falkland, and Newburgh—exercised that right until 1832, the year of the passing of the Reform Act. By that Act two of these burghs lost the burgh franchise, and by the Redistribution of Seats Act, 1885, nine more of them lost it. There are thus now 55 royal burghs possessing the burgh franchise, and 15 which do not do so. Of the 55 royal and parliamentary burghs the most populous are Glasgow, 784,496; Edinburgh, 320,318; Dundee, 165,004; Aberdeen, 163,891; Kirkcaldy, 39,601; and Perth 35,854; and the least populous are Culross, 456; Inveraray, 533; Anstruther-Wester, 552; Dornoch, 741; Kintore, 818; and Fortrose, 970. Of the 15 royal burghs which are not parliamentary the most populous are Rothesay, 9,299; Stranraer, 6,444; Peebles, 5,554; and Haddington, 4,140; and the least populous, Earlsferry, 322; New Galloway, 352; Lauder, 659; and Falkland, 830.

There are 14 burghs that possess the burgh franchise but are not royal burghs, twelve of these having been created parliamentary burghs by the Reform Act of 1832, and two, Galashiels and Hawick, by that of 1868. These burghs, parliamentary but not royal, vary in amount of population from 84,455 in Paisley, 80,488 in Leith, and 75,140 in Greenock, to 1,928 in Cromarty, 5,557 in Oban, and 13,613 in Peterhead.

Coatbridge is neither a royal nor a parliamentary burgh, as it was not erected by grant from the Crown, and has not the burghal franchise. It, however, possesses all the privileges of a royal burgh, these being accorded by the Act of Parliament by which it was incorporated (Coatbridge Burgh Act, 1885, 48 & 49 Vict. c. xli.). Its population is 43,286.

The burghs in Scotland, other than royal and parliamentary burghs, which are constituted police burghs in terms of the Police Acts, number 121. The majority of them, like royal burghs, are of ancient creation, having existed as burghs of regality or barony before the passing of the Police Acts under the provisions of which they received their modern constitution; while others are of more recent creation, not having been burghs of regality or barony, but having been created burghs by local Police Acts or by powers included in the General Police Acts. As examples of the former, those of ancient creation, the following may be cited, viz., Bathgate, Musselburgh, Dalkeith, Pollokshaws, Kelso; and as examples of the latter, those of more modern creation, Govan, Clydebank, Broughty Ferry, Cowdenbeath, and Motherwell. The populations of these 121 burghs vary from 89,605 in Govan, 66,849 in Partick, 40,380 in Motherwell, 37,548 in Clydebank, and 25,263 in Wishaw, to 593 in Abernethy, 692 in Elie, Liberty, and William sburgh, 8.61 in Cove and Kilcreggan, 877 in East Linton, and 880 in Lasswade.

Among the police burghs are two that occupy an anomalous position for parliamentary purposes, in that, although not themselves parliamentary burghs, they are included in burghal constituencies. These two burghs are Maxwelltown, the greater part of which is included within the Burgh of Dumfries as defined for parliamentary purposes, and Macduff, which is entirely included within the Burgh of Banff as defined for these purposes.

The burghs, along with their populations, are collected according to the above classification in Table A20, the figures given being those of the populations within the boundaries as defined for municipal and police purposes, which in many cases differ from those defined for parliamentary purposes.

The 205 burghs named in the Table are all the burghs which, at the date of the census, possessed the statutory rights and privileges of burghs; but there are also in Scotland, numerous communities which by charter were created burghs of regality or barony, but do not now possess or exercise the rights and privileges of burghs, and have neither provost; nor burgh councils. It would be a matter of extreme difficulty, if not of impossibility, to make a complete list of these burghs of regality or barony and even if it were done such a list, being only of historical interest, would be of: no administrative value and out of place in a census report; but a few examples of them may be mentioned, and as such the following are given, viz., Kirkliston, Cumbernauld, Kilbarchan, Houston, Kilmacolm, Lesmahagow, Carnwath, Dunkeld, Kilmaurs, Coldingham, Portpatrick, and Dirleton—all of which are specified as burghs of regality or barony in the Report of the Municipal Commission of 1835.

Special Districts for Water, Drainage, Scavenging, and Lighting Supply

These districts are formed in terms of the Public Health and Local Government Acts, and the special purpose: served by their creation is to enable the communities of populous places, other than burghs, to make provision for the public services indicated above; They; are of some special interest for census purposes in respect that many towns and villages, not being burghs, and having no definite boundaries, have been formed, under the provisions of the statutes referred to, into special districts with boundaries authoritatively defined, thus enabling the populations of these important communities to be accurately ascertained and returned.

There were in Scotland at the time of the census, 644 of these districts, 196 being Special Water Districts only, 112 Special Drainage Districts only, 26 Special Scavenging Districts only, 67 Special Lighting Districts only; while in combination there were 5 0 Special Water and Drainage Districts; 2 5 Special Water and Lighting; Districts; 5; Special Water and Scavenging Districts; 111 Special Drainages and Lighting Districts; 12 Special Drainage and Scavenging Districts; 34 Special Scavenging and Lighting Districts; 23 Special Water, Drainage, and Lighting, Districts; 23 Special Drainage, Scavenging, and Lighting Districts; 11 Special Water, Drainage, and Scavenging Districts; 2 Special Water, Scavenging, and. Lighting Districts; and 47 Special Water, Drainage, Scavenging, and Lighting; Districts. There are thus in all 359 Special Districts for water supply, 289 for drainage; 160 for seavenging, and 232 for lighting, and thus counted — by the purposes they serve and not by areas and boundaries — they number 1,040.

The populations of these districts vary widely; The most populous, are Barony Special Drainage District, 32,310; Shettleston and Tollcross Special Lighting District, 29,011; Shettleston and Tollcross Special Scavenging District, 28,926; Cambuslang Special Lighting District, 20,452; Cambuslang Special Drainage and Scavenging District, 18,995;. Blantyre Special Lighting District, 15,501; Vale of Leven Special Water, Drainage, Scavenging, and Lighting District, 15,438; Bellshill, and Mossend Special Drainage, Scavenging, and Lighting District, 1.5,219; Blantyre Special Drainage and Scavenging District, 15,197; and Renfrew Special Scavenging, and Lighting District, 14,532. The least populous of these districts include Glentyan Special Water District, 18; Hill of Fearn Special Water District, 30; Malletsheugh Special Water and Drainage District, 31; Edgefield Special Water District, 49; Bankshill Special Water District, 56; Westruther Special Water District, 57; South Connel Special Water District, 62; Lathones Special Water District, 65; and Ecclesmachan Special Water District, 66. The least populous special water district is Glentyan, 18; the least populous special drainage district, Malletsheugh, 31; the least populous special scavenging district, Balvicar, 75; and the least populous special lighting district, Ascog, 118. Of these special districts, 17 have populations and more than 10,000, while 26 have populations of less than 100.

The aggregate populations included in the special scavenging and lighting districts will, be referred to when dealing with the division of the population of, Scotland into, its urban and rural portions, it being considered safe to assume that these districts, when they have populations exceeding 1,000, are essentially urban in character, and no doubt much more so than burghs which have populations of less amount.

The populations of these districts were fully tabulated in the first volume of the Report (Tables XI XIV.), and what was there given is summarised in Table XXL of this volume.

Urban and Rural Populations

Reference has been made above to the proportions of the population of Scotland, and of the counties, which are "burghal" and "extraburghal," and it is right to point out that these terms are not necessarily synonymous with "urban" and "rural." Some burghs are so small that the conditions of life in them cannot be said, to be urban, while On the other hand some extraburghal districts: are so populous that the conditions in them are essentially urban. In previous Census Reports an endeavour was made to measure the urban population of the country by treating localised communities of from 300 to 25000 as "villages," and of over 2,000 as "towns," irrespective of whether tie communities were or were not burghs, and taking the remainders of the counties as rural. This method has been abandoned on the occasion of the present census, became the absence of fixed boundaries for towns and villages—neither of which is a statutory term in Scotland—makes the matter one of opinion rather than of fact. In place of such method the one now adopted is to treat as urban localities only such places as have populations of over 1,000, And are either: burghs, or special scavenging districts, or special lighting districts, and to regard as rural the remaining portions of the counties. While this new arrangement is not perfect, it has the great advantage over the older plan in respect that it deals with definite quantities only, and there is also the strong presumption that there are few, if any, communities in Scotland which live under urban conditions and are not burghs, of special scavenging, or special lighting districts.


Distribution of Urban Population.— Keeping these considerations in view, it is found that the counties with the largest proportions of urban population are, Renfrew, 91.7 per cent.; Lanark, 91.2 per cent.; Edinburgh, 88.6 per cent.; Dumbarton, 86.0 per cent.; Forfar, 85.4 per cent.; Clackmannan, 84.8 per cent.; and Selkirk, 83.0 per cent.; and those with the largest proportions of rural population are Sutherland, 89.7; Ross and Cromarty, 84.1; Orkney, 78.9 ; Shetland, 78.9 ; Berwick, 72.0; Inverness, 70.9; Argyll, 70.1; and Wigtown, 65.5. Of the total population of Scotland, 65.7 per cent are within burghs with populations of over 1,000; 9.7 per cent. in special scavenging or lighting districts with populations of that amount, and 24.6 per cent. are outwith such burghs and special districts. The urban population of Scotland thus computed amounts to 75 per cent. of the total, and the rural to 25 per cent. (Table A21.)


Ratio of Females to Males.— The ratio of females to males in these urban districts is found to be 108 to 100, and in the rural districts 99 to 100. In the urban districts of the counties this ratio varies between wider limits than in the rural districts. In the urban districts it is found to range between 141 to 100 in Bute, 135 to 100 in Nairn, 130 to 100 in Orkney, 129 to 100 in Roxburgh, and 127 to 100 in Forfar, to 86 to 100 in Linlithgow, 96 to 100 in Stirling, 100 to 100 in Dumbarton, 101 to 100 in Ross and Cromarty, and 102 to 100 in Lanark. In the rural districts it ranges between 126 to 100 in Shetland, 112 to 100 in Orkney, 110 to 100 in Wigtown, and 109 to 100 in Bute, to 90 to 100 in Linlithgow, 91 to 100 in Lanark, 92 to 100 in Argyll, and 93 to 100 in Stirling. Females are found to be in excess of males in the urban districts of 31 counties, and in the rural districts of 20 counties; while males are in excess of females in the urban districts of 2 counties, and in the rural districts of 13 counties. (Table A21.)

County Districts.

Counties for the purposes of local administration are divided into county districts, which for certain purposes include police burghs, but exclude royal burghs and parliamentary burghs so far as situated within their police boundaries. These districts are composed of electoral divisions, each police burgh constituting one or more separate divisions. The populations here referred to are abstracted from those set out in Table XVIII., and are the total populations contained in the electoral divisions comprising each of the county districts. They are inclusive of the populations of police burghs, but not of royal or parliamentary burghs.

Of the 33 counties, 8 are not divided into county districts, but are administered by the county council in their entirety; 7 are divided into two districts, 4 into three districts, 6 into four districts, 4 into five districts, 1 into six districts, 1 into seven districts, and 2 into eight districts. Thus, counting the undivided counties as being each one district, there are 107 county districts in Scotland.


Distribution of Districts.— The counties, which are undivided, are:—Caithness, Clackmannan, Elgin, Kinross, Nairn, Peebles, Selkirk, and Sutherland, Those divided into 2 districts are, Banff, Dumbarton, Haddington, Linlithgow, Renfrew, Shetland, and Wigtown. Those divided into 3 districts are Berwick, Bute, Lanark, and Stirling. Those divided into 4 districts are Ayr, Edinburgh, Fife, Forfar, Kirkcudbright and Orkney. Those divided into 5 districts are Dumfries, Kincardine, Perth, and Roxburgh. Ross and Cromarty is divided in 6 districts, Argyll into 7, and Aberdeen and Inverness each into 8 districts.


Population of districts.— The total population included in these 107 county districts amounts to 2,349,084, the difference between this figure and that of the total population of Scotland, 2,411,820, being the aggregate population of burghs which are either royal or parliamentary. The average population of these districts is 21,954, but the populations of the districts vary widely from this mean. The most populous county districts are Middle Ward of Lanark, 268,306; Lower Ward of Lanark, 213,428; Eastern District of Dumbarton, 80,359; and Kirkcaldy District of Fife, 76,667; and the least populous are Cumbrae District of Bute, 1,707; Liddesdale District of Roxburgh, 1,934; South Ronaldshay District of Orkney, 2,395; Bute District of Bute, 2,552; Northern District of Kirkcudbright, 2,814; and Ardnamurchan District of Argyll, 2,822,

The population figures of the electoral divisions into which the county districts are divided are set forth in detail in Table XVII of the county parts of Volume I. of the Census Report.

Public Health Districts.

For the administration of the Public Health Acts, Scotland is divided into districts. In this division every burgh, police burghs included, is a separate district; and the extraburghal portion of every county district, or of an entire county where undivided, constitutes a public health district. These public health districts in all number 312, of which 205 are burghal and 107 extraburghal.


Population.— The populations of the burghal public health districts are the same as those of the burghs—which have been commented on above.

The populations of the extraburghal, or county, public health districts differ from the populations of county districts as constituted for other administrative purposes, in respect that the former are exclusive of the populations of all burghs, while the latter are inclusive of the populations of burghs which are neither royal nor parliamentary, i.e., of police burghs. These burghs have an aggregate population of 728,599, and it is by this amount that the aggregate populations of the two classes of county districts differ, the population of the county districts amounting to 2,349,084, and of the county public health districts to 1,620,485. In 41 instances the populations of county districts and of the corresponding county public health districts are the same, but in 66 instances they differ.

The average population of these districts is 15,145, but the populations of the individual districts vary widely from this mean. The most populous are Middle Ward of Lanark, 202,663; Lower Ward of Lanark, 56,974; Northern District of Ayr, 47,403; Kirkcaldy District of Fife, 42,027; and Eastern District of Stirling, 41,745. The least populous are Cumbrae District of Bute, 93; Walls District of Orkney, 1,640; Liddesdale District of Roxburgh, 1,934; South Ronaldshay District of Orkney, 2,395 5 Bute District of Bute, 2,552; Northern District of Kirkcudbright, 2,814; and Ardnamurchan District of Argyll, 2,822. The Cumbrae Public Health District contains the entire population of the Islands of Great and Little Cumbrae, with the exception of that of the Burgh of Millport; but as 1,614 out of the total population, which is 1,707, were enumerated in the burgh, the extraburghal population only amounts to the small figure stated.

The population figures of the extraburghal public health districts are collected in Table XIX. of this volume, and further information regarding them is given in Table XVIII. of the county parts of Volume I. of the Report.

Insular Populations.

There were on census day 181 Islands on which some population Was enumerated. In 1901 the corresponding number was 182, and the inhabited islands of the country are thus now one fewer than in that year.

The total insular population numbers 149,215, is 6,337, or 4.1 per cent. less than in 1901, and constitutes 3.1 per cent. of the total population of Scotland.

The populations of the islands vary widely. The most populous are Lewis, 32,886; Shetland, Mainland Island, 19,607; Orkney, Mainland Island, 14,703; Skye, 12,719; and Bute, 11,835. Only one person each was enumerated in Calve and St Helena, two persons each in Garbheileach, Bound, Holm of, Papal Inchlonaig, and Skerviule, and three persons each in Auskerry, Bass Bock, Bell Rock, Cara, Davaar, and some others, these being mostly islands, or mere rocks, with lighthouses,, but with no ordinary populations. Of the 181 islands, 64 have populations of less; than 10; 41 have populations of more than 10 but less than 50; 14 of more than 50 but less than. 100; 19 of more than 100 but less than 300; 9 of more than 300 but less than 500; and; 34 have populations of more than 500.

Three counties, Bute, Orkney, and Shetland are entirely insular, and 15 partly insular and partly not, while 15 have no inhabited islands. Among the Counties which are partly insular and partly mainland, those with the largest insular populations are Inverness, 30,935; Ross and Cromarty, 29,769; and Argyll, 15,769.

The population figures of the Islands are collected in Table XXII of this volume from Table XV of the various county parts of Volume I.

Parliamentary Constituencies.

Exclusive of university constituencies, there are 69 parliamentary constituencies returning 70 members, all returning one member each with the exception of the constituency of Dundee Burgh, which returns two. Of these constituencies, 30 are burghal, and 39 county. The average population in the constituencies, burghal and county included, but excluding the universities and counting Dundee as two constituencies, is 68,013. The constituencies with the largest populations, other than Dundee, are North-East Lanarkshire, 141,857; Lanarkshire, Partick Division, 139,209; Glasgow, St Rollox Division, 127,836; and Lanarkshire, North-West Division, 126,555; and the constituencies with the smallest populations are Buteshire, 18,186; Wick Burghs, 19,255; St Andrews Burghs, 19,336; Sutherlandshire, 19,525; and Peebles and Selkirk, 19,890.

The average population of the burghal constituencies, counting Dundee as two, is 67,015, and of the county constituencies, 68,807. The largest burghal constituencies are Dundee, 160,146; Glasgow, St Rollox Division, 127,836; Edinburgh, South Division, 112,533; Leith District of Burghs, 107,011; and Kilmarnock District of Burghs, 105,585; and those with the smallest populations are Wick District of Burghs, 19,255; St Andrews District of Burghs, 19,336; Dumfries District of Burghs, 28,441; and Inverness District of Burghs, 30,044. The county constituencies with the largest populations are Lanarkshire, North-East Division, 141,857; Lanarkshire, Partick Division, 139,209; Lanarkshire, North-West Division, 126,555; Stirlingshire, 121,480; and Lanarkshire, Govan Division 115,159; and the county constituencies, with the smallest populations are Buteshire, 18,186; Sutherlandshire, 19,525; Peebles and Selkirk, 19,890; Caithness, 23,336; and Berwickshire, 29,754.


Distribution of Burghal Population.— Although Scotland is divided for the purposes of parliamentary representation into burghal and county constituencies it must not be assumed that this division is the same as that into burghal and extraburghal portions for other purposes; for a large section of the burghal population is included in the county constituencies, and a small portion of the extraburghal population is included in the burghal constituencies. The total burghal population of Scotland amounts to 3,140,419 and of it 2,076,935, or 66.1 per cent., are in the burghal constituencies, while 1,063,484 or 33.9 per cent. are in the county constituencies. Of the extraburghal population, the vast majority, 1,619,970 are in the county constituencies, while only a small minority, 515 are in the burghal constituencies. There are 205 burghs in Scotland, and of these 71, in whole or in part, and including Maxwelltown and Macduff which are not in themselves parliamentary burghs, but for the purposes of parliamentary representation are attached to other burghs, are in burghal constituencies; while the remaining 134 are in county constituencies. The aggregate population of the 71 burghs voting in whole or in part in burghal constituencies is 2,335,289, and the difference between this figure and the aggregate population of the burghal constituencies, 258,354, represents the population of these burghs which are included in county constituencies.

In 37 of these 71 burghs the boundaries for parliamentary purposes and for municipal purposes are conterminous; in 5 the boundaries for parliamentary purposes include a larger population than do those for municipal purposes; and in 29 the boundaries for municipal purposes include a larger population than do those for parliamentary purposes. The five cases in which the boundaries for parliamentary purposes include more population than do those for municipal purposes are Inverurie, which includes a portion of the landward part of Kintore parish with, a population of 415; Selkirk, which includes 60 of the landward population of the parish of the same name; Dysart, which includes 14,327 of, the population of Kirkcaldy Burgh; Arbroath, which includes 4 of the landward population of the parish of Arbroath and St Vigeans; and Crail, which includes 36 of the landward population of the parish of the same name. The parliamentary burghs in which the excess of population included within the municipal boundaries over that included within the parliamentary boundaries is greatest, and the amounts of the excesses are, Glasgow, 184,882; Edinburgh, 26,827; Kirkcaldy, 14,327; Falkirk, 11,558; and Aberdeen, 11,428. The remainder of the Glasgow population above referred to is distributed among the Govan, Partick, and North-West Divisions of Lanarkshire, the East and West Divisions of Renfrewshire, and the Kilmarnock District of Burghs. The remainder of the Edinburgh population is in the Leith District of Burghs and in the Constituency of Midlothian. The remainder of the population of Kirkcaldy is within the Parliamentary Burgh of Dysart. The remainder of the population of Falkirk is in the Constituency of Stirlingshire, and that of Aberdeen in the Constituency of Kincardineshire.

Of the 30 burghal constituencies, 17 are entirely within one burgh, while 13 are in groups of burghs, the former including the four divisions of Edinburgh, and the seven divisions of Glasgow.


County Constituencies.— Disregarding burghal constituencies, or parts thereof, in only eight instances do county boundaries for civil purposes agree with those for parliamentary purposes; while in 25 instances there is disagreement. The counties of which the boundaries for parliamentary and for other purposes are conterminous are Bute, Caithness, Kirkcudbright, Linlithgow, Orkney, Shetland, Sutherland, and Wigtown.

The number of parliamentary constituencies in the counties, including burghal constituencies, varies from 16 in the case of Lanark, 7 in Aberdeen, 7 in Edinburgh, 7 in Perth, and 6 in Renfrew, to 1 each in Berwick, Bute, Clackmannan, Peebles, Shetland, and Wigtown. The only instances in Scotland in which the entire population of a county, burghal and extraburghal, is in, and constitutes the whole of, one parliamentary constituency, are found in Bute and Wigtown.

Of the 39 county constituencies in Scotland, 19 are single county constituencies, and 4 are double county constituencies, while 16 consist of divisions of counties, these last including the six divisions of Lanarkshire, and the divisions of the Counties of Aberdeen, Ayr, Fife, Perth, and Renfrew. Of the single county constituencies, 16 are situated in one county, 14 partly in one county and partly in a second, and 5 partly in three counties. Of the four double county constituencies, one only, Orkney and Shetland, is within two counties; one, Peebles and Selkirk, is in three counties; and two, Clackmannan and Kinross, and Elgin and Nairn, each have portions in five counties, the Constituency of Elgin and Nairn being distributed among the Counties of Banff, Elgin, Nairn, Inverness, and Ross and Cromarty, and that of Clackmannan and Kinross among the Counties of Clackmannan, Fife, Kinross, Perth, and Stirling.

The populations of the parliamentary constituencies, and the distribution of the county populations in the constituencies, are shewn in Tables XVI. and XVII. of this volume of the Report, and in detail in Table XVI. of the county parts of Volume I.

Ecclesiastical Divisions.

Scotland for ecclesiastical purposes is divided into synods, presbyteries, and parishes, there being 16 synods, 84 presbyteries, and 1,415 parishes, these parishes being either quoad onmia or quoad sacra. The synods are composed of presbyteries, the number of these in the synods averaging 5.3, and varying from 8 in the Synod of Glasgow and Ayr, and the same number in the Synod of Aberdeen, to 3 each in the Synods of Galloway, Ross, Orkney, Shetland, and Sutherland and Caithness. The presbyteries are composed of groups of parishes, the average number of parishes in the presbyteries being 16.8, and varying from 98 in the Presbytery of Glasgow, 59 in the Presbytery of Edinburgh, and 48 in the Presbytery of Hamilton, to 5 in the Presbytery of Burravoe, and 6 each in the Presbyteries of Forres, Lewis, Nairn, and Tongue.


Populations of Synods, etc.— The populations of the synods average 297,557, and vary from 2,186,904 in the Synod of Glasgow and Ayr, 715,782 in the Synod of Lothian and Tweeddale, 362,847 in the Synod of Aberdeen, and 316,918 in the Synod of Angus and Mearns, to 25,897 in the Synod of Orkney, 27,911 in the Synod of Shetland, and 38,327 in the Synod of Ross.

The populations of the presbyteries average 56,677, and vary between 1,066,436 in the Presbytery of Glasgow, 439,415 in the Presbytery of Edinburgh, 375,223 in the Presbytery of Hamilton, 191,201 in the Presbytery of Dundee, and 190,329 in the Presbytery of Aberdeen, to 4,704 in the Presbytery of Burravoe, 5,362 in the Presbytery of Tongue, 7,095 in the Presbytery of North Isles, 7,130 in the Presbytery of May and Jura, 7,469 in the Presbytery of Earlston, and 7,611 in the Presbytery of Duns.

The populations of the ecclesiastical parishes average 3,364, and vary between 70,184 in Govan, 53,304 in St Cuthbert's (Edinburgh), 46,133 in Maryhill, 43,975 in South Leith, 37,949 in St Michael's, Edinburgh, and 35,528 in Springburn, to 96 in Cranshaws, 98 in Clova, 109 in Glenprosen, and 111 in Glendevon. In 24 ecclesiastical parishes the population exceeds 20,000, and in 74 it is more than 10,000 though less than 20,000. In 2 parishes the population is less than 100, and in 22 more than 100 though less than 200.

In Tables XIV. and XV. of this volume of the Census Report, the ecclesiastical parishes are tabulated according to presbyteries and synods, in the order in which they are in use for church purposes; while in Table IX. of the county parts of Volume I. of the Beport there is shown the distribution of the county populations in the ecclesiastical parishes which are in whole or in part within them.

School Board Districts.

For the administration of the Education Acts the areas adopted were in some cases burghs, and in others ecclesiastical or quoad sacra parishes, but partly on account of the many changes of burgh boundaries which have taken place, which changes did not affect the boundaries of the school board districts, and partly on account of changes of boundaries in the school board districts themselves, and in some cases of amalgamations of school board districts, none of which affect burgh or parish boundaries, there are now many differences between the populations of these districts and those of the burghs and parishes bearing the same name.

The school board districts of Scotland number 967, and have an average population of 4,923, but from this average the variation is great. The most populous of these districts are Glasgow, 599,614; Edinburgh, 320,318; Govan, 238,395; Aberdeen, 163,891; Dundee, 162,564; Paisley, 84,455; Leith, 80,488; and Greenock, 70,282; and the least populous are Cranshaws, 125; Lyne, 125; Moonzie, 146; Glendevon, 148; Dumbarton (Landward), 151; and Drumelzier, 164, Of the eight largest school board districts mentioned above, seven are burghal, but it is worthy of note that in only four of them, Edinburgh, Aberdeen, Paisley, and Leith, do the populations agree with those within the boundaries of the burghs for municipal and other purposes; while in three there is disagreement, these three being Glasgow, where only 599,614 out of the total population of 784,496 is within the school board district, and Dundee and Greenock, where 2,440 and 4,858 of the respective populations are not within the burghal school board districts.

Of the 967 school board districts, 52 are burghal and 915 are parish districts. Of the 52 burghal districts, 29 are within burghs which are royal and parliamentary, 5 in burghs which are royal but not parliamentary, 12 in burghs which are parliamentary but not royal, and 6 in burghs which are neither royal nor parliamentary, but are police burghs. In 16 cases the populations of these school board districts differ from those of the burghs of the same name, and in 36 instances they are the same. One burghal school board district, that of Kirkcaldy and Dysart, includes two burghs; all others include single burghs. Burghs in Scotland which are not independent school board districts number 152.

The number of school board districts or of parts of school board districts (there are 14 districts partly in one county and partly in another, and one with parts in each of three counties) in the counties varies from 92 in Aberdeen, 77 in Perth, 68 in Fife, 60 in Forfar, 51 in Ayr, and 50 in Lanark, to 6 each in Bute, Kinross, and Nairn, and 7 in Clackmannan.

Of the school board districts, 161 have populations of less than 500; 236 of more than 500 but less than 1,000; 253 of more than 1,000 but less than 2,000; 170 of more than 2,000 but less than 5,000; 76 of more than 5,000 but less than 10,000; 37 of more than 10,000 but less than 20,000; 23 of more than 20,000 but less than 50,000; and 11 of more than 50,000. Of the eleven school board districts with populations of over 50,000, seven are burghal and four parish, the former being Glasgow, Edinburgh, Aberdeen, Dundee, Paisley, Leith, and Greenock, and the latter, Both well, Govan, Maryhill, and Old Monkland. (Tables XIII. and A22.)

Registration Districts.

Scotland is divided into districts for the purposes of the registration of births, deaths, and marriages. When national registration was instituted by the Act of 1854, 17 & 18 Viet. c. 80, these districts closely agreed with the civil parishes and burghs; but since then, for various reasons, the boundaries of a large number of the districts have been altered, and though many of them are still conterminous with the parishes of the same name, this is frequently not so, and hence the necessity for the separate tabulation of registration districts in the Census Report.

The total number of registration districts is 1,084, the average population being 4,392. The most populous are Paisley, 91,038; St Machar, 90,129; Partick, 66,849; Morningside, 66,124; Govan, 63,228; St Andrew, Dundee, 61,638; St George, Edinburgh, 53,165; and the Glasgow Registration Districts of Calton, Gorbals, Camlachie, Anderston, and Bridgeton, which contain populations varying from 52,062 to 60,372. The least populous registration districts are Megget, 74; St Kilda, 80; Cranshaws, 125; Lyne, 125; Fair Isle, 139; Whalsay Skerries, 144; Dalavich, 144; Moonzie, 146; and Glendevon, 148.

Of the 1,084 registration districts, 1,073 are situated entirely within their respective counties, but 11 are partly in one county and partly in another. These eleven are Croy and Dalcross, Kilmallie, Enzie, Aharacle, Cathcart, Eastwood, Kirkliston, Caddonfoot, Melrose, Holywood, and Bargrennan.

Of the registration districts, 38 are entirely burghal, and 212 partly burghal and partly landward, while 834 do not contain any burghal population. There are only six instances in which the boundaries of burghs and of registration districts are conterminous, these being Anstruther-Easter, Ayr, Cullen, Queensferry, Rothesay, and Stranraer.

The number of registration districts, or parts of registration districts, in the respective counties varies from 97 in Aberdeen, 81 in Perth, and 75 in Lanark, to 5 in Kinross, Clackmannan, and Nairn, and 9 in Bute and Selkirk. (Tables XII. and A23.)

Military Divisions.

For military purposes Scotland is divided into two districts, the First or Highland District, and the Second or Lowland District. These districts are further divided into Regimental Districts, there being six of these in the Highland District and six in the Lowland.

The total population embraced in the Highland District amounts to 2,154,537, and in the Lowland District to 2,606,367.

The populations included in the Regimental Districts of the Highland District are:— Dundee City, 165,004; 42nd District, which embraces the Counties of Fife, Perth, and Forfar (exclusive of Dundee), 508,494; 72nd District, which embraces the Counties of Orkney, Shetland, Caithness, Sutherland, Ross and Cromarty, Nairn and Elgin, 236,107; the 75th District, which embraces the Counties of Aberdeen, Banff, and Kincardine, 414,587; the 79th District, which is limited to the County of Inverness, 87,272; and the 91st District, which embraces the Counties of Stirling, Clackmannan, Kinross, Dumbarton, Renfrew (exclusive of the small portion of the Parish of Paisley within the City of Glasgow), Argyll and Bute, 743,073.

The populations included in the Regimental Districts of the Lowland District are:— Edinburgh District, which embraces the City of Edinburgh and the Burgh of Leith, 400,806; Glasgow District, which embraces the City of Glasgow and the Burghs of Govan and Partick, 940,950; 1st District, which embraces the Counties of Edinburgh (exclusive of the City of Edinburgh and the Burgh of Leith), Linlithgow, Haddington, and Peebles, 245,527; 21st District, which embraces the Counties of Ayr and Wigtown, 300,335; 25th District, which embraces the Counties of Berwick, Roxburgh, Selkirk, Dumfries, and Kirkcudbright, 212,628; and the 26th and 71st District, which is conterminous with the County of Lanark (exclusive of the City of Glasgow and the Burghs of Govan and Partick), 506,121, (Table A24.)

Circuits and Sheriffdoms.

For judicial purposes Scotland is divided into four circuits and fifteen sheriffdoms. The Western Circuit is the most populous. It includes the Sheriffdoms of Lanark; Renfrew and Bute; Argyll; Stirling, Dumbarton, and Clackmannan; and the Kinross portion of the Sheriffdom of Fife and Kinross; and embraces a population of 2,190,144, or 46.0 per cent., of the total of Scotland. The Northern Circuit is the second most populous. It includes the Sheriffdoms of Aberdeen, Kincardine and Banff; Caithness, Orkney and Shetland; Forfar; Inverness, Elgin and Nairn; Perth; Ross and Croinarty, and Sutherland; and the Fife portion of the Sheriffdom of Fife and Kinross; and embraces a population of 1,411,464, or 29.6 per cent., of that of Scotland. The Southern Circuit includes the Sheriffdoms of Ayr; Berwick, Roxburgh and Selkirk; and Dumfries and Galloway (Dumfries, Kirkcudbright, and Wigtown); and embraces a population of 512,963, or 10.8 per cent., of the total of Scotland. The Home Circuit includes one Sheriffdom only, that of the Lothians and Peebles (Edinburgh, Linlithgow, Haddington, and Peebles); and embraces a population of 646,333, or 13.6 per cent., of the total.

Of the fifteen Sheriffdoms the most populous are Lanark, 1,447,034; the Lothians and Peebles, 646,333; Aberdeen, Kincardine, and Banff, 414,587; Renfrew and Bute, 332,738; and Stirling, Dumbarton, and Clackmannan, 331,943. The least populous are Argyll, 70,902; Caithness, Orkney and Shetland, 85,818; and Ross and Cromarty, and Sutherland, 97,543. The population of the Sheriffdom of Forfar is 281,417; of Fife and Kinross, 275,266; of Ayr, 268,337; of Dumfries and Galloway, 143,190; of Inverness, Elgin, and Nairn, 140,018; of Perth5 124,342; and of Berwick, Roxburgh, and Selkirk, 101,436.

Police Districts.

There are 65 independent police forces in Scotland, 32 maintained by burghs, and 33 by counties. Of the total population 2,432,475, or 51.1 per cent., are policed by county constabulary, and 2,328,429, or 48.9 per cent., by burghal constabulary.

The populations in the 33 county police districts average 73,711, and vary from 399,803 in Lanark, 200,623 in Ayr, 200,035 in Fife, 159,714 in Aberdeen, 139,791 in Stirling, 130,310 in Renfrew, 117,842 in Dumbarton, and 106,860 in Edinburgh, to 7,527 in Kinross, 8,887 in Bute, 9,319 in Nairn, and 10,070 in Selkirk.

The populations in the 32 burghal police districts average 72,763, and vary from 784,496 in Glasgow, 320,318 in Edinburgh, 165,004 in Dundee, 163,891 in Aberdeen, 89,605 in Govan, and 84,455 in Paisley, to 8,439 in Brechin, 9,299 in Rothesay, 10,849 in Forfar, 10,974 in Montrose, 11,058 in Broughty Ferry, and 11,893 in Alloa.

In the following 16 counties there are no burghs having separate constabularies— the whole population being policed by the county constabulary—Argyll, Banff, Berwick, Caithness, Elgin, Haddington, Kinross, Kirkcudbright, Linlithgow, Nairn, Orkney, Peebles, Ross and Cromarty, Shetland, Sutherland and Wigtown. On the other hand, 17 counties are policed partly by county and partly by burghal constabulary. In the County of Lanark there are six burghal police forces, and a similar number is found in Forfar. There are four in Renfrew, two each in Ayr, Edinburgh, and Fife, and one each in Aberdeen (part only), Bute, Clackmannan, Dumbarton, Dumfries, Kincardine (part only), Inverness, Perth, Roxburgh, Selkirk, and Stirling.

Lunacy Districts.

With a view to the provision of asylums for the reception and care of pauper lunatics, Scotland, in terms of the Lunacy Act of 1857 (20&21 Vict. c. 71), was divided into Districts or Divisions according to a scheme set forth and described in Schedule H annexed to the said Act. But the General Board of Lunacy, upon application being made, are empowered to alter or vary the districts, and these areas now differ materially from those described in the Schedule. A complete list of the districts into which Scotland is at present divided for lunacy purposes, with their populations and figures showing intercensal changes, is contained in Table XX.

The lunacy districts now number 28, 7 of them being parish districts and 21 county districts, the former consisting of single and entire parishes, and the latter of counties, or groups of counties, less any parish lunacy districts which maybe situated within them. The boundaries of these county lunacy districts are not all the same as the boundaries of counties for other purposes, for parishes which are partly within one county and partly within another are for lunacy purposes regarded as entirely within a single county, and the county boundaries and populations are for this purpose altered accordingly.

The county lunacy districts contain 2,982,626, or 62.6 per cent., and the parish lunacy districts 1,778,278, or 37.4 per cent., of the total population of Scotland. The populations of the county districts average 142,030, and range from 468,411 in Lanark, 412,929 in Stirling, 275,266 in Fife and Kinross, and 268,337 in Ayr, to 18,186 in Bute, 25,897 in Orkney, 27,911 in Shetland, 29,580 in Kincardine, and 32,010 in Caithness. The populations of the parish districts average 254,040, and range from 577,559 in Glasgow and 363,571 in Govan, to 80,488 in Leith and 109,782 in Paisley. In Edinburgh Parish Lunacy District the population is 320,318; in Aberdeen Parish District, 163,891; and in Dundee Parish District, 162,669.

National Insurance Areas.

In terms of the National Insurance Act, 1911, national insurance areas were created. These are of two kinds, county and burghal, the latter consisting of all burghs with populations of over 20,000 taken separately, and of the burghs of Dumfries and Maxwelltown taken jointly. The former consists of counties, exclusive of these burghs, each taken separately, with the exception of the counties of Clackmannan and Kinross, and of Elgin and Nairn, which in both cases are taken jointly. The county insurance areas number 31, and vary in amount of population from Lanark, 309,841; Ayr, 200,623; Fife, 200,035; Aberdeen, 159,714; Renfrew, 154,920; Edinburgh, 106,860; and Stirling, 106,217; to Bute, 18,186; Sutherland, 20,179; Selkirk, 24,601; Orkney, 25,897; and Shetland, 27,911. The burghal insurance areas number 27, and vary in amount of population from Glasgow, 784,496; Edinburgh, 320,318; Dundee, 165,004; and Aberdeen, 163,891; to Arbroath, 20,647; Stirling, 21,200; Dumbarton, 21,989; and Dumfries and Maxwelltown, 22,211. The total population in the county insurance areas is 2,383,721, and in the burghal insurance areas, 2,377,183. The average population of the county areas is 76,894, and of the burghal areas, 88,044.

Licensing Districts.

In terms of the Licensing (Scotland) Act, 1903, districts which are entitled to have separate courts for the granting of licenses for the sale of intoxicating liquors are royal or parliamentary burghs with populations of 4,000 and over, all burghs with populations of 7,000 and over, and counties, or districts of counties, exclusive of these burghs.

At the date of the census there were, for licensing purposes, 26 burghs with populations of 20,000 and over, 36 with populations of more than 7,000 but less than 20,000, and there were 13 royal or parliamentary burghs with populations between 4,000 and 7,000. There were thus in all 75 burghs entitled to have licensing courts, and 26 of them, having populations of 20,000 and over, to have separate licensing appeal courts.

For licensing purposes, and regarding each of the Lower, Middle, and Upper Wards of Lanarkshire as one county in terms of the Licensing Act, 23 counties are not divided into county districts, 3 are divided into two districts, 1 into three districts, 3 into four districts, 2 into five districts, 2, Argyll and Inverness, into six districts, and 1, Aberdeen, into eight districts. At census date there were in Lanark 16 districts (including burghal and county districts) entitled to have separate licensing courts, 14 in Fife, 11 in Aberdeen, 10 in Renfrew, and 8 each in Argyll and Ayr, and smaller numbers in the remaining counties. In the counties of Berwick, Kincardine (Aberdeen City portion excepted), Kinross, Kirkcudbright, Orkney, Shetland, and Sutherland, there are single licensing authorities, as these counties are not divided into county licensing districts, and do not contain burghs of the size necessary for the institution of burghal licensing courts. The total number of county licensing districts in Scotland at the date of the census was 74, 23 consisting of entire counties, exclusive of burghs with separate licensing courts, and 51 consisting of districts of counties, exclusive of burghs similarly situated.

TABLE A1.—POPULATION OF SCOTLAND AT EACH CENSUS—1801 TO 1911.

TABLE A2.—LOSS OF POPULATION BY MIGRATION IN EACH OF THE INTERCENSAL PERIODS, 1861-1911.

TABLE A3.—SCOTLAND—INCREASE OF POPULATION AT EACH CENSUS SINCE 1801

TABLE A4.—SCOTLAND—RATE PER CENT. OF INCREASE OF POPULATION AT EACH CENSUS SINCE 1801.

TABLE A5.—DISTRIBUTION AND DENSITY OF THE POPULATION IN THE COUNTIES.

TABLE A6.—INTERCENSAL CHANGE OF POPULATION IN THE COUNTIES.

TABLE A7.—DISTRIBUTION OF INTERCENSAL CHANGE OF POPULATION IN THE COUNTIES.

TABLE A8.—INCREASE OR DECEASE OF POPULATION IN THE COUNTIES SINCE 1801.

TABLE A9.—GAIN OR LOSS POPULATION BY MIGRATION IN THE COUNTIES IN THE INTERCENSAL PERIOD, 1901-1911.

TABLE A10.—NUMBER OF CIVIL PARISHES OR VARIOUS AMOUNTS OF POPULATION.

TABLE A11.—NUMBER OF CIVIL PARISHES WITH VARIOUS RATES OF INTERCENSAL CHANGE.

TABLE A12.—NUMBER OF CIVIL PARISHES WITH VARIOUS SEX RATIOS.

TABLE A13.—INTERCENSAL CHANGE IN THE BURGHAL AND EXTRABURGHAL POPULATION OF THE COUNTIES.

TABLE A14.—BURGHAL AND EXTRABURGHAL POPULATION OF THE COUNTIES.

TABLE A15.—NUMBER OF BURGHS OF VARIOUS AMOUNTS OF POPULATION.

TABLE A16.—NUMBER OF BURGHS WITH VARIOUS RATES OF INTERCENSAL CHANGE.

TABLE A17.—GAIN OR LOSS OF POPULATION BY MIGRATION IN FIFTEEN OF THE PRINCIPAL BURGHS, IN THE INTERCENSAL PERIOD, 1901-1911.

TABLE A18.—CIVIL PARISHES—BURGHAL AND LANDWARD.

TABLE A19.—NUMBER OF BURGHS WITH VARIOUS SEX RATIOS.

TABLE A20.—BURGHS IN ORDER OF POPULATION.

TABLE A21.—URBAN AND RURAL POPULATION AND SEX RATIOS.

TABLE A22.—SCHOOL AND BOARD DISTRICTS OF VARIOUS AMOUNTS OF POPULATION.

TABLE A23.—REGISTRATION DISTRICTS, BURGHAL AND LANDWARD.

TABLE A24.—POPULATION OF REGIMENTAL DISTRICTS.


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